Pen Pictures of America
"This is My Own, My Native Land"
by Joel Cook, Vol. VI, published in 1903
Westward from the Mississippi River the "Sunset Route" to the Pacific leads
across the sugar plantations of Louisiana. This Southern Pacific railway
passes many bayous having luxuriant growth of bordering live oaks, magnolias
and cypress, hung with festoons of Spanish moss, crosses the Atchafalaya
River at Morgan City, and beyond, skirts along the picturesque and winding
Bayou Teche in a region originally peopled by colonies of French Arcadian
refugees from Nova Scotia. Ultimately the route crosses Calcasieu River
at Lake Charles, and thirty-eight miles beyond, goes over the Sabine River
into the "Lone Star State" of Texas, the largest in the Union.
The name of Texas comes from a tribe of Indians found there when La
Salle made the first European settlement on the coast at Fort St. Louis
on Lavaca River in 1685, but after the Spanish occupation in the eighteenth
century the country was long known as the New Philippines, that being the
official designation in their records. At the mouth of Sabine River is
Sabine Lake, where Port Arthur has been established as a prosperous railway
terminal, having access to the Gulf by a ship canal with terminating jetties,
deepening the channel outlet to the sea. Farther along the coast is Galveston,
the chief Texan seaport, built on the northeastern extremity of Galveston
Island, which spreads for thirty miles in front of the spacious Galveston
Bay, covering nearly five hundred miles surface. The entrance from the
sea is obstructed by a bar through which the Government excavated at great
expense a channel, flanked by stone jetties five miles long. It is a low-lying
city with wide, straight streets, embrowdered in luxuriant tropical vegetation,
while the equable winter temperature makes it a charming health resort.
A magnificent sea-beach spreads along the Gulf front of the island for
many miles. Galveston, in September, 1900, was swept by a most terrific
cyclone and tidal wave, destroying thousands of lives and a vast number
of buildings.
Texas was a Province of Mexico, under Spanish and afterwards Mexican
rule, and its many attractions in the early nineteenth century brought
a large accession of colonists to the eastern portions froni the adjacent
parts of the United States. The Americans became so numerous that in 1830
the Mexican Congress prohibited further immigration, and the result was
a revolt in 1835, the organization of a Provisional Government, a war which
ended in the defeat of the Mexicans in the battle of San Jacinto in 1836,
and the final independence of Texas. The people then sought annexation
to the United States, but the State was not admitted until 1845, the Mexican
War following. Two men of that time were prominent in Texas, Stephen F.
Austin, who brought the first large colony from the United States settling
on the Colorado and Brazos Rivers, and Sam Houston, who, after being Governor
of Tennessee, migrated to Texas, led the revolt, commanded their army,
and was made the first President of the independent State. The latter has
his name preserved in the active city of Houston on Buffalo Bayou, a tributary
of Galveston Bay, and about fifty miles northwest of Galveston. Houston
is a busy railway centre, handling large amounts of cotton, sugar and timber,
and is rapidly expanding, having sixty thousand people.
The Trinity River is the chief affluent of Galveston Bay, flowing down
from Northern Texas, and having upon its banks another busy railway centre,
Dallas, with fifty thousand people and an extensive trade. About thirty
miles above, on Trinity River, is the old Indian frontier post of Fort
Worth, now a town of forty thousand population and the headquarters of
the cattle-raisers of Northern Texas. For many miles in all directions
are the extensive cattle ranges, and to the north and west spreads the
"Great Staked Plain," a vast plateau elevated nearly five thousand feet
above the sea, covering some fifty thousand square miles, and being surrounded
by a bordering escarpment of erosion to the lower levels, much resembling
palisades. The stakes driven by the early Spaniards to mark their way are
said to have given this plain its name, and it has now become an almost
limitless cattle pasturage. When Austin's American colony settled on the
Colorado River west of Houston, his name was given the town which was ultimately
selected as the State Capital, where there are now twenty thousand people
who look out upon the magnificent view of the Colorado Mountains. Here
is the Texas State University with seven hundred and fifty students, and
one of the finest State Capitols in the country, a splendid red granite
structure, which was built by a syndicate in exchange for a grant of three
million acres of land, the building occupying seven years in construction
and costing $3,500,000. Two miles above the city an enormous dam seventy
feet high encloses the waters of Colorado River for the water supply and
manufacturing power, and thu makes Lake McDonald, twenty-five miles long.
A heavy storm and flood in the spring of 1900 broke this dam and let out
the lake, causing great loss of life and damage in the city.
Eighty miles southwest of Austin is the ancient city of San Antonio,
known as the "cradle of Texas liberty," a Spanish town upon the San Antonio
and San Pedro Rivers, small streams dividing it into irregular parts, the
former receiving the latter and flowing into the Gulf at Espiritu Santo
Bay. There are sixty thousand people in San Antonio, of many races, chiefly
Americans, Mexicans and Germans, and it is a leading wool, cattle, horse,
mule and cotton market. The Spaniards penetrated into this region in the
latter part of the seventeenth century and established one of their usual
joint religious-mili-tary posts among the Indians upon the plan of colonization
then in vogue. The Presidio or military station was called San Antonio
de Bexar, while during the early eighteenth century there were founded
various religious Missions, the chief being by Franciscan monks, the Mission
of San Antonio de Valero. There are four other Missions in and near the
city, dating from that early period, their ancient buildings partly restored,
but some of them also considerably in ruins. To the eastward of San Antonio
River was built in a grove of the Alamo or cottonwood trees in 1744 a low,
strong, thick-walled church of adobe for the Franciscans, called from its
surroundings the Alamo. When the Texans revolted, they held San Antonio
as an outpost with a garrison of one hundred and forty-five men, commanded
by Colonel James Bowie, the famous duelist and inventor of the "bowie knife,"
who was originally from Louisiana. Bowie fell ill of typhoid fever, and
Colonel Travis took command. Among the garrison was the eccentric David
Crockett of Tennessee, who had been a member of Congress, and joined them
as a volunteer. General Santa Anna marched with a large Mexican army against
them, arriving February 22, 1836, and the little garrison retired within
the church of the Alamo, which they defended against four thousand Mexicans
in a twelve days' siege. The final assault was made at daylight, March
6th, a lodgment was effected, and until nine o'clock a battle was fought
from room to room within the church, a desperate hand-to-hand conflict
at short range, and not ceasing until every Texan was killed; but this
was not until two thousand three hundred Mexicans had fallen. Upon the
memorial of this terrible contest, at the Texas State Capital, is the inscription:
"Thermopylae had her messenger of defeat, but the Alamo had none." This
butchery caused a thrill of horror throughout the United States. "Remember
the Alamo " became the watchword of the Texans, much aid was sent them,
and the succor, coming from the desire to avenge the massacre, contributed
largely to their ability to defeat the Mexicans in the subsequent decisive
battle on San Jacinto River, down near Galveston Bay, which was fought
in April.
The old Church of the Alamo, since restored, is preserved as a national
monument on the spacious Alamo plaza. The name of Houston, the Texan leader,
is given to Fort Sam Houston, the United States military post on a hill
north of San Antonio. The old Alamo is the shrine of Texas; and as visitors
stroll around the place they are weirdly told how the spirits of the departed
heroes, Crockett, Bowie, Travis and others, when the storms rage at night
about the ancient building, wander through the sacristy with the heavy
measured tread of armed troopers. It was in the midst of a storm that the
Mexicans broke through a barred window and thus gained entrance in the
siege.
On the southern border of San Antonio are the extensive Fair Grounds,
where Roosevelt's Rough Riders, largely recruited from the neighboring
Texan ranches, were organized for the Spanish War in 1898. The most extensive
Texas cattle ranches are south and west of San Antonio, the largest of
them, King's Ranch, near the Gulf to the southward, covering seven hundred
thousand acres, and being stocked with three thousand brood mares and a
hundred thousand cattle.
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Submitter: Faye Moran
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