The following articles are contributed by Louise Pettus, editor of The Quarterly, York County Genealogical & Historical Society.
Celebrating American independence from Great Britain was, from the end of
the Revolutionary War on, a time for South Carolinians to celebrate. The
state, as one of the original 13 colonies, had played a major role in the
war - with more battles fought on its soil than in any other colony. And,
the turning point of the Revolution had occurred in York County at the battle
of Kings Mountain.
By the 1850s the pattern of celebration was fixed. Rural communities everywhere
had a favorite picnic ground where the citizenry would meet. Usually, there
was a parade, often led by the local militia. Sometimes the local militia
demonstrated their skills and might blast away with their guns, but fireworks
as we know them today were not likely to be present. Always, orators would
hold forth. Most likely, a local sax-horn band would furnish music.
The Committee on Arrangements would have seen to it that stands were constructed
for the listeners and a platform for the orators. They would also have put
up rough-hewn picnic (pick-nick) tables ready for spreading with tasty dishes
brought in picnic baskets. Glazed with a savory hot sauce, hogs from local
plantations cooked all night over a fire fed by hickory chips.
The 4th of July 1858 celebration in the Bullocks Creek area of southwestern
York District was typical of many in this area. The day was a very hot one
but that did not keep a number of citizens from joining the procession that
began at White�s Store and marched to the picnic grounds. The orators of
the day, Colonel McCorkle and Major Burris, escorted by Bullocks Creek Band,
led the parade.
The crowd, described as a �large multitude,� was orderly and quiet in deference
to the importance of Independence Day. Ceremonies began with the invocation
given by Rev. R. Y. Russell. The traditional reading of the Declaration of
Independence was rendered by W. B. Russell, Esq. Many of the listeners knew
the Declaration by heart. The crowd was hushed and respectful. They might
become restless during some of the lengthy orations, but they never tired
of hearing Mr. Jefferson's masterpiece.
Next was the main speaker, B. H. Moore, the Orator of the Day. The Yorkville
Enquirer ported that Moore�s style was �easy and elegant.�
The Committee of Arrangements provided toasts in order of descending importance:
1. The Day We Celebrate; 2. The Heroes of Kings Mountain; 3. George Washington;
4. Soldiers of 1812; 5. The Palmetto Regiment (South Carolina troops in the
War with Mexico); 6. John C. Calhoun; 7. the Administration (James Buchanan
was president of the United States); 8. The Emerald Isle; 9. Women; 10. the
Orators of the Day.
The Kings Mountain toast: �Upon its summit was enacted the greatest scene
in the drama of the Revolution - the turning point of the noble struggle
for the right. Its towering crest is its own enduring monument.�
The Emerald Isle toast: �May her Harp be attuned anew to the rapturous song
of Liberty; and Emmet�s epitaph be written.� (Emmet was Thomas Addis Emmet,
an Irish nationalist who fought for Irish independence from England.)
After dinner the crowd reassembled to hear more oratory. The Fourth of July
celebration was interpreted to the Bullock's Creek crowd as a state holiday
and not as a national holiday. Each speaker was careful to point out that
the Fourth of July was the anniversary of South Carolina's independence as
a state.
This viewpoint was a reflection of South Carolina's increasing uneasiness
with the direction of national politics in mid-1858. Agitation over slavery
in the territories, abolitionist activities, and the knowledge that the
agricultural South was losing political power to the industrial North, weighed
heavily on the minds of the orators and their listeners.
Thirty months later South Carolina seceded from the Union. It was to be a
long time before the Fourth of July was again widely celebrated in York County.
When James Cansler of Tirzah announced in the winter of 1916 that he was
running for a six-year term on the South Carolina Railroad Commission no
one was surprised. Cansler had been running for that office "since the time
whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary," as one newspaper
expressed it. Cansler had a habit of running every two years for the state
post but had gotten so few votes in the past that few people foresaw Cansler's
victory.
In truth, there was nothing in Cansler's past that would have predicted he
had any chance of getting such a choice plum. Railroad commissioners had
one of the plushest political posts in the state. Their control of railroads
was complete down to the smallest detail. Railroads were quick to offer
commissioners private cars with unlimited travel. There was no state ethics
commission, either.
Cansler was a poor man and had never held a political office. A native of
North Carolina, he had arrived at Tirzah, a rural community between Rock
Hill and York, in 1877 to teach school. His father, though poor, had been
determined that his children receive an education and had boarded school
teachers for $3 a month in order to guarantee their instruction. Cansler
finished Catawba College. Cansler did manage, on the meager salary of a teacher,
to save enough money in 12 years to acquire a small farm. The work must have
been hard for him because he long suffered physical pain which had left him
crippled for life.
Ben Tillman was governor and his dispensary system was in full swing when
Cansler first got into politics. The dispensary system was an attempt to
control the sale of alcohol by having the state control the manufacture,
distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages. Cansler was an ardent
prohibitionist. In 1894 York County citizens went to the polls to decide
if their local communities would have state operated liquor stores. The idea
was rejected everywhere except in Tirzah which ended up selling the only
legal whiskey in York County.
James Cansler's house sat on the road to the dispensary shop. He was incensed
at the sight of "the thirsty" trudging the highway. He fumed for seven years.
Finally, in 1901 Cansler circulated a petition to remove the dispensary.
His petition first circulated in Tirzah, which had only 11 registered voters,
and then all over the county. He got over one thousand signatures.
Henry Massey of Rock Hill took Cansler to Columbia to present his petition
to the dispensary board. Cansler told the board that if they didn't act the
people of Tirzah would. The board ordered the dispensary closed within 60
days.
During his 1916 race for railroad commissioner, one of Cansler's former pupils
wrote about him: "There is nothing negative about him...He has a very high
sense of honor and his character is unimpeachable...not a lazy bone....He
has no friend to reward, and he is too manly to punish an enemy if he has
one. The letter-writer, who admittedly was not fond of Cansler, added that
Cansler was peculiar and eccentric and undaunted in adversity.
The governor's race in 1916 was between Richard I. Manning and a former governor,
Cole L. Blease. Blease was favored but in the second primary to everyone's
surprise, Manning won 71,463 votes to Blease's 66,785.
Cansler won, too, and by a far greater margin than Manning did over Blease.
Cansler defeated incumbent Albert S. Fant by a vote of 83,054 to 54,271.
It was hard to believe. The Greenville News commented: "Cansler probably
does not know anymore about railroads than we do about farming, but men are
not often elected to office in this State on the basis of what they know....may
he revel in the plush luxury of his private car and the good things of this
life...."
On September 12, 1917, the South Carolina Railroad Commission issued Order
#169 to the Southern Railway Company. In the order were these words: " ...to
construct, without further delay, a freight depot at Tirzah, S. C., said
depot to be in every way adequate for the demands of the patrons of Southern
Railway Company at that point....to be done in 60 days.�
James Cansler may not have gotten rich but he did get power.
A prized household possession a century and a half ago was a clock--the best
that once could afford. Fine homes had a hall clock with a gold or silver
dial ornately painted. Other rooms may have had shelf clocks. Lesser households
prized a shelf clock, some of them made completely of wood.
It is said that people would sit and look at their clock with its mesmerizing
pendulum in much the same fashion as later generations watched a record turn
on a Victrola or stared at the test pattern of the early television sets.
It is amazing how much clockmaking and clock selling activity went on in
this area.
The earliest clockmaker we know of was John McKee (1787-1871) of Chester
district. He was advertising as early as 1816. One of his clocks of that
time (now in the Museum of Southern Decorative Arts in Winston Salem, N.C.)
has a label inside the clock which reads: "At J. McKee's Clock Factory, Chester
Court House (S.C.) is made and sold all kinds of Clocks, with, or without,
cases, warranted for their quality and performance, also packed up and warranted
to go safe to any distance." This clock is 8 1/2 feet tall and has an iron
dial painted with a global map that has Australia labeled "New Holland,"
Australia's name prior to 1811.
McKee ran a general store of quality on "the Hill" in Chester where sold
plantation supplies, dry goods, household furniture and books. McKee started
as a watchmaker and continued to make watches and repair them. He also served
in the state legislature and was a delegate from Chester District to the
South Carolina Secession Convention.
Other clockmakers were members of George Suggs' family of Bethel community
in York District, who came by way of Virginia although originally of Waterbury,
Conn. Records of Bullocks Creek Church show that Thomas E. Suggs was in that
area in the 1840s. The Rev. R. Y. Russell, pastor of that church, purchased
a clock made at "Waterbury Clock Factory at Bullocks Creek".
At Pinckneyville, the old courthouse town on the Broad River, it is said
that Seth Thomas of Connecticut owned property and is thought to have done
some of his work there. And there was "Carolina Fashion Clocks of Bullocks
Creek District."
In Yorkville during the 1840s there was a firm doing business as a copartnership
under the name of McElwee and Sutton. Jonathan McElwee and Alexander C. Sutton
sold general merchandise but their trade was far broader than just the Yorkville
area.
McElwee and Sutton employed at least a half dozen men to work at the combination
trading of clocks, carryalls and slaves. Covering a geographical area that
extended from North Carolina to Alabama, the "peddlers" roamed the countryside
to show their wares.
The carryalls, most of them manufactured by McElwee and Hutchison, were wagons
especially made to carry slaves and their luggage or to carry clocks. There
is a record of 50 clocks picked up from a freight station in Cheraw, S. C.
which were peddled across Georgia.
There is an account by Thomas N. Pettus of his taking a caravan of mules
and carryalls (one carryall would pull two more with additional mules tied
to the end gate of the last carryall) for sale in Alabama in October 1846.
At Stewart City, Ga. on the Alabama line, Pettus said he met up with C. C.
Horn, a clock peddler for McElwee and Sutton. Horn told him that he sold
every clock he had.
From August 16 until October 8, 1780, which marked the time period between
the American defeat at Camden and the American victory at Kings Mountain,
York County's Whigs (most of the county were Whigs) were at the mercy of
British troops under the command of Lord Cornwallis.
The American army under General Horatio Gates had been practically destroyed
at Camden on August 16. Two days later, Colonel Tarleton of the British forces
on Fishing Creek surprised Gen. Thomas Sumter's South Carolina militiamen
near Beckhamville in Chester County. Sumter's army was badly defeated; Sumter
himself barely escaped capture. The British officers were soon writing letters
to their superiors in England reporting that they controlled the countryside
with only a few Americans hiding out.
For some years, local historians who have a special interest in upcountry
Revolutionary War battles have wrestled with the question as to whether or
not Lord Cornwallis camped at the plantation of Thomas Spratt in Fort Mill
and used the Nation Ford crossing of the Catawba River.
Those historians who believe that Cornwallis was at Spratt's Spring (at
present-day Fort Mill) when the battle of Kings Mountain took place say that
while it is possible that Cornwallis had left for Winnsboro before the battle
of Kings Mountain took place, they are convinced that Cornwallis had been
camped in Fort Mill and left there over the old Nation Ford Road. Others
maintain that all of this is only traditionary evidence and ask for proof.
Certainly, Cornwallis was somewhere in the countryside between Camden and
Charlotte (a regular hornet's nest, according to Cornwallis.) The best evidence
for Cornwallis being at Spratt's Spring comes from a book with the lengthy
title of Traditions and Reminiscences Chiefly of the American Revolution
in the South: including Biographical Sketches, Incidents and Anecdotes, Few
of Which Have Been Published, Particularly of Residents in the Upper Country.
The book, authored by Joseph Johnson, M.D. of Charleston, was published in
1851.
In his book Dr. Johnson included extracts of two letters written by Joseph
F. White of Fort Mill in 1848. White says that his mother, a daughter of
Thomas Spratt, told him some stories about Cornwallis' encampment. The story
was that Cornwallis and Colonel Tarleton, on their way from Charlotte to
link with Colonel Ferguson near the Broad River, were stopped by a flood
on the Catawba River.
Tarleton sought directions for crossing the river from an old Irishman who
either (it is not clear) misled the troops or was disobeyed by the troops,
but reported later that the British "plooted in any where." The troops quickly
found the water too deep for crossing and "Colonel Tarleton cursed him [the
Irishman] for a fool, and struck him with the flat of his sword."
If the incident reported by Joseph F. White is true, it leads to the conclusion
that the American Whigs were blessed (perhaps equally) by the flood waters
of the Catawba River and an old Irishman with no love in his heart for anything
English.
Another incident reported by Joseph F. White: "The day on which Lord Cornwallis
struck his camp at Spratt's, he caused to be hung one of his own men, who
had been taken as a deserter. He was executed some short distance above the
spring near the Charlotte Rail Road. The man was left hanging, and no person
was left on the premises to cut him down and bury him, but a small negro
boy."
Another British soldier died while camped at Spratt's and the "brutal officers
ordered his grave to be made in the yard and buried him there. My mother
told me that she recollected hearing the lamentations of the soldier's wife,
that she had no means of getting her husband out of purgatory, until she
could meet with the Catholic priest."
The Spratt family graveyard off Brick Yard Road in Fort Mill dates back at
least 230 years. It is surrounded by an 18 inch rock and concrete wall and
contains the grave of Thomas "Kanawha" Spratt on whose plantation Cornwallis
once camped. Or did he?
The story of the Banks family in this area is an interesting one. The first
to come was John Marjoriebanks (in the second generation the name was shortened
to Banks). John came without his family from Thornhill, Scotland right after
the Revolutionary War and died in Chester County not long after.
The Marjoriebanks family in Scotland received no word of John
Marjoriebank�s fate. His son Samuel came to America to search for him. While
in Chester Samuel fell in love with a Chester girl, Elizabeth Robinson. The
newlyweds were to sail back to Scotland but Elizabeth is said to have taken
one look at the Atlantic Ocean and refused to go.
The couple found land in Fairfield County, SC and raised ten children. The
ninth child, William Banks, an ambitious lad worked his way through a series
of schools before graduating second in his class from Franklin College (later
the Univ. of Georgia) in 1837.
In 1841 William Banks became the pastor of Catholic Presbyterian Church near
the town of Chester.
Rev. William Blackstock (1761-1831) had a rich and varied life. He was born
in Ireland, educated in Scotland and licensed to preach by the Associate
Presbytery of County Down, Ireland.
When 31 years of age he boarded a ship,�The Volunteer,� often referred to
as �Irish Volunteer� because it transported so many volunteer Irishmen to
fight American forces in the Revolutionary War.
Blackstock kept a journal of the voyage from North Ireland to Charleston,
S. C. The ship left the port of Larne carrying 400 passengers on October
6, 1792. There were a good many passengers who were 60, 70 or 80 years old.
No sooner than they were on the high seas, violent storms began. Blackstock
said the old people were most vexed for having left their comfortable homes
and exposing themselves to such dreadful conditions. There were 12 deaths
during the voyage, a number somewhat counteracted by 5 births.
Blackstock kept an account of �wind and weather, of birds and fishes, and
of ships that were seen or spoken to.� Several sharks were captured.
Every passenger was issued 8 pounds of biscuits, 4 pounds of beef, 1 pound
of molasses per week and 2 quarts of water daily. Because of the rough seas
it took 80 days to cross the ocean. Several days before they landed at Charleston
all provisions were cut in half. It was Christmas eve when Blackstock first
set foot on American soil.
Finding a church was no problem for Blackstock. He was ordained by the Presbytery
of the Carolinas and Georgia on June 8th, 1794 and became the pastor of two
York County churchesEbenezer and Neely�s Creekand of Steele Creek
in Mecklenburg county. He was to leave the three churches in 1803 or 1804
when the congregations split over, as one wit said, whether to sing David�s
Psalms or to the sing the Psalms of David. After several years he returned
to this area.
Blackstock had gotten a lease from the Catawba Indians as indicated by a
York County deed record in which he contracted with Alexander Faris, a
blacksmith, to �build a mill dam, grist mill and cotton gin� on land on
�Half Mile Creek, old Nation Ford, on west side of the Catawba River.� The
mill dam was to be 10 feet deep.
Not long after Blackstock arrived in this country, he met and married Sarah
Hutchison whose family had come first to the Waxhaws of Lancaster county
and them moved across the river settling near the Nation Ford between present-day
Rock Hill and Fort Mill. They had no children. She died in 1810 and he never
remarried. It is not known where Sarah was buried.
About 1811 Blackstock became pastor of Tirzah ARP in Mecklenburg, now Union
County, N. C. He served Tirzah until 1827.
Synod records indicate that Blackstock was very active. He was a regular
correspondent with the Synod and frequently traveled to their meetings. He
was a vigorous preacher but, very unusual for his time, not a long-winded
one. When most ministers were sermonizing for hours, Blackstock kept his
sermons at about 35 minutes in length. Described as �very short and his
complexion very dark,� Blackstock also had great endurance on horseback.
In 1821 he made a trip to the west and was gone for 14 weeks. In 1827 he
rode horseback to Obion County, Tennessee and preached the first sermon ever
delivered there. The congregation at Troy A. R. P. was made up mostly of
former York, Lancaster and Meckenburg folks who, in 1824 had moved by wagon
train to an area near present-day Memphis but was then only wilderness. Among
those present to hear Rev. Blackstock at Troy were many who bore the names
of Harper, Hutchison, Garrison, Hood, Stewart, Nisbet, Brice, Erwin and McCaw.
Reverend Blackstock preached his last sermon at Sardis Associate Reformed
Church in Mecklenburg County. He died October 7, 1831 and is buried at Tirzah
ARP in Union County, N. C.
In a recently purchased Rock Hill house, the buyer found a discarded letter
that was written July 25, 1862, headed "Camp Near Richmond, Va.
At a casual glance, the letter is of no significance other than it is
representative of the type of letter a young Confederate soldier might send
to a girl friend.
On the other hand, if we pursue all of the clues in this document and use
our powers of inference, we can "discover" a good bit about the young soldier.
In carefully-formed script, but minimal punctuation, the soldier begins:
"Dear Friend I seat myself again to rite you a few lines in order to inform
you that I am well and hope these few lines may find you well. I have nothing
new to rite." Nothing important there. The stiff beginning and misspelling
only indicate that the young man did not have a great deal of education.
He continued, "I landed safe at Richmond Va." Landed? Perhaps by ship from
Charleston?
"I like the Place tolerable well. The 5th Regt. of S.C.V. [ South Carolina
Volunteers] are camped in 4 miles of us." The 5th Regiment was commanded
by Micah Jenkins, one of the two officers (along with Asbury Coward) who
before the war, operated the Kings Mountain Military Academy at Yorkville
and many, perhaps most, of the regiment's members were from York County.
The soldier continues: "I saw Bony Campbell he looks tolerable well." A search
of Confederate Veterans Enrollment Book of York County, S. C.--1902 compiled
by Jo Roberts Owens and Ruth Dickson Thomas, 1983, does not turn up a Campbell
named "Bony." But there is N. B. Campbell of Bethel Township of Co. "H",
5th S.C.V., Jenkins Infantry, private, age 20. Guessing that "N. B." stands
for Napoleon Bonaparte, a not unusual name of the time, it is likely that
his nickname was "Bony." It is only a conjecture, but it makes sense. According
to the pension enrollment book, N. B. Campbell was still living in 1902.
"There is no prospect of a fight here soon. I expect we will be in Longstreets
Division." Civil War histories confirm that the reference is to Gen. James
Longstreet, not Gen. Austustus B. Longstreet.
The soldier further writes: "The 17th Regt. of S.C.V. came in last knight
they are Camped in 1/4 of a mile of us." The 17th Regt. was part of Evans
Infantry.
"We get tolerable good water to Drink." Finding clean water was always a
problem. Typhoid and other bacterial diseases killed more Confederates than
did enemy bullets.
For the first time the soldier calls his "friend" by name. He writes: "Mary
I hated to leave soon after you came that morning but I hope we will meet
again. I would have liked to have stayed a while longer, but we were Pushed
it was but little Pleasure to meet and Part so soon. I want you to rite to
me and let me know how Thomas is so nothing more only I remain your Friend
till death rite soon"
At the end of the one sheet of paper, used back and front, the soldier wrote:
"B. B. Currence to M. E. Boyd. Direct your letters to Richmond Va 18th Regiment
of S.C.V. Company H." Again, the Confederate Veterans Enrollment Book of
York County... is helpful. While there is no "B. B. Currence," there is a
"Bisop (Bishop?) Currence." "M. E. Boyd" is obviously Mary E. Boyd.
The unstamped letter may have been hand-delivered by a fellow soldier returning
to York County. Sometimes a civilian would voluntarily gather up a wagon-load
of goods and set forth to Virginia to deliver the supplies to York County
fighting men. Returning home, the wagoner would bring letters to the families.
Sometimes he would bring coffins, too.
What happened to B. B. Currence? If the writer of this letter was Bishop
Currence of Bethel Township, his fate is clear. Bishop Currence of Co. H.,
18th S. C. V., Evans Infantry, private, age 20, was killed at the second
battle of Manassas in Virginia in late August 1862, a little more than a
month after he wrote his letter to Mary E. Boyd.
From the 1750s until the American Revolution most of the settlers in this
area were Scotch-Irish Presbyterians who migrated down from older Scotch-Irish
settlements of Pennsylvania and western Virginia. A few Scotch-Irish came
directly from northern Ireland.
Newcomers from the north of Ireland continued to come after the Revolution.
The post-war immigrants tended to be single men hoping to make their fortunes.
Some started as peddlers with packs on their backs (a few like Robert Latta
of Yorkville became prosperous merchants). Some had learned the skill of
weaving in Ireland and continued to weave in America.
The Clendenens of York District fit the pattern well. Irish-born Thomas Clendenen
was a hard-working weaver of bedspreads. His son, Robert (1784-1830), had
few educational advantages but used his quick intelligence, sound judgment,
and amiable personality to advance in life.
Robert Clendenen learned the trade of merchant by clerking in a North Carolina
store. Then he set up a store of his own in the town of Union, S. C. By the
time he was 27 years of age Clendenen had acquired enough money to switch
careers. He wished to practice law. In this time period, apprenticeship with
a practicing lawyer was the general rule. Clendenen studied with a Mr. Hooker,
a Yorkville lawyer.
Next, Clendenen studied with Judge William Smith, a native of Lancaster�s
Waxhaws who practiced law in Yorkville before becoming a state judge and
later U. S. Senator. Clendenen passed the bar in Charleston January 11, 1813.
About this time, either before or after his bar examination, Clendenen and
Smith quarreled. No one knew the cause of the split. The two never reconciled
their differences.
Clendenen practiced law in Yorkville and was immensely successful financially.
In five years time he began buying land and from 1818 to 1827 purchased 2,147
acres in York District and sufficient slave labor to run the plantation.
(Clendenen�s estate inventory showed 44 slaves.)
Clendenen served as York District�s senator in Columbia from 1816 until 1829
where he served on numerous committees. He was also active in the state militia
and once (1826) was candidate for brigadier general of the state militia.
In 1819 Clendenen married Mary Ellen Myers, the oldest daughter of Col. David
Myers, a wealthy man. The Clendenens had five children, four daughters and
a son. Only two daughters, Nancy McNiece and Mary Elizabeth, survived to
adulthood.
Because Robert Clendenen was distinguished enough to be one of the state�s
best lawyers he merited an account in John Belton O�Neall�s Biographical
Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina, published in 1859.
Judge O�Neall described Clendenen�s person as �. . . inclined to be portly,
his face, round and florid, and his eyes intensely black.� In his style of
oratory, O�Neall said that Clendenen �had more care for ideas than for
words.� �O�Neall thought that Clendenen�s basis for success in life �was
his integrity and stability of character.� As for political skill, Clendenen
was �prudent and conservative.� As a lawyer, Clendenen was �cool, sagacious,
and scrupulously exact.�
O�Neall praised Clendenen as a �kind and indulgent protector of the younger
members of the Bar.� Clendenen expanded his practice of law to include Union,
Chester, Fairfield and Lancaster. He loved to ride the circuit, �more to
enjoy the conversation of his associates than for profit.�
Judge O�Neall found that Clendenen�s great flaw (the only one mentioned)
was being too �convivial.� Dr. Maurice Moore of Yorkville, who knew Clendenen
personally, wrote more specifically, saying that Clendenen died early, �.
. . his constitution worn out by his own abuse of it. How fatal has been
the allurements of the liquor fiend to many of our prominent men.�
Clendenen died in 1830 at the age of 46 and was buried in the graveyard of
Bethesda Presbyterian Church. Some years later his widow married Dr. Hemmingway
of Yorkville and moved to Mississippi.
Other than the courthouse towns of York, Lancaster and Chester, there were
no population centers before the laying of railway track in the three counties.
Beginning in 1851 with the arrival of the C. C. & A. (Charlotte, Columbia
and Augusta) Railroad which created the towns of Rock Hill and Fort Mill,
we can discern a pattern of town-building that lasts until this century.
First, the railroad came and a depot was built. For the Piedmont farmer that
ended long wagon trips carrying goods (chiefly cotton but including grains)
to seaports. Within the year storehouses were built and the first �town
houses� followed. Streets with lots large enough to have a barn, or stables,
in the back were laid out. Ten to 20 years later the town would incorporate
with a mayor and city council, a small police force and a volunteer fire
department.
Gradually, other businesses would be established. A cotton gin in town along
with a cotton warehouse was likely. If enough farmers were attracted there
would soon be a variety of small businesses that would include a lumber company,
a blacksmith shop, a hardware store, a drug store, etc. The first business
to employ more than 100 people was invariably a cotton mill.
Take the town of Clover in York County as a good example of 19th century
town-building. Before the Civil War the area was known as Bethel, named for
the Bethel Presbyterian Church which drew a congregation from an area up
to 10 miles in all directions. The plantations were large in area and the
population sparse.
In 1872 the Kings Mountain Railroad, which had a depot in Yorkville, merged
with a North Carolina railroad called the Carolina Narrow Guage. In 1874
tracks were laid through what is now the town of Clover by a man who brought
horses and mules from Kentucky to do the work. He called the place Bowling
Green, named for his Kentucky home.
The first train arrived two years after the track was laid. There was no
regular schedule for the train which went as far as Gastonia, N. C. There
was no way to turn the train around, so it came back to Clover in reverse.
There were three railroad cars. One carried white passengers. One was for
black passengers. The third car was for baggage. The people called the train
the �Short Bob,� named for the engineer, Bob Smyre.
A 5,000 gallon water tank furnished the steam locomotive. The story goes
that when the locomotive tanked up the water frequently spilled on to the
ground. At that spot grew a lush crop of clover. The train crew ignored the
Bowling Green name and called the village Clover Patch for the spot in which
they killed time by hunting for four-leaf clovers.
Every town has a notable personality. Clover�s was �Blind Sam� Campbell who
pumped the water into the tank for 15 years. When Campbell was in the Confederate
army he was shot through the head. The bullet passed just back of the eyes,
destroying his sight but leaving him otherwise healthy. He was a skilled
whittler and excellent conversationalist.
Clover got a one-room post office with a pot-bellied stove in 1884. The second
postmaster, Josiah I. Gwinn, endeared himself to children by adding a showcase
filled with candy, cookies and crackers. Three years later the town was
chartered.
Clover�s first cotton mill was built in 1890, three years later than Fort
Mill, but financed in much the same fashion. A local citizen, Capt. Beatty
Smith, headed a subscription drive. Captain Smith rode a horse from farm
to farm selling enough stock to finally set up the Clover Spinning Mill with
3,000 spindles. The cotton mill had come to the cotton fields. In 1899 a
mill village was added to accommodate workers making their transition from
an agricultural economy to an industrial economy.
A century and a half ago, Ebenezer was one of York County�s largest settlements.
Now, what was once the village of Ebenezer has been absorbed into the city
of Rock Hill.
Fortunately for the natives of Ebenezer, the name is still identified by
Ebenezer Road, which still has a few old homes left among the medical offices
and commercial establishments. There is also Ebenezer Presbyterian Church,
which dates back to shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War and is
now a part of the Associate Reformed Synod.
The small brick building facing the historic cemetery on Ebenezer Road is
the remainder of the Ebenezer Academy, often called �the Athens of York.�
Here upcountry boys were once prepared for the South Carolina College, Davidson
and other strongholds for Presbyterians.
The date of the establishment of the academy is uncertain. Typically, early
ministers served the dual roles of pastors and schoolmasters, so there was
probably instruction in reading, writing and arithmetic from the beginning
of the church.
An academy at the church offered upper grades and a college preparatory course.
The academy dates to at least 1819 when Job Nelson became the principal.
A year later, the Rev. Eleazar Harris, a York District native, was principal
and minister of the church. Harris was such a scholar that the faculty of
Washington College conferred on him the honorary degree of master of arts
in 1823.
In 1826, Albert Gallatin, who had been Thomas Jefferson�s secretary of the
treasury, influenced Congress to pass a measure that would support a national
work that would result in the published �Etymology� on the vocabulary of
the Catawba Indians. The study was designed to collect and interpret the
grammar and structure of the various Catawba languages and dialects.
Both Gallatin and Secretary of War James Barbour asked Harris to assist in
the work. He consented only if he had enough hours to spend beyond that required
by his duties as principal.
Apparently he did not follow through because there is no record of the project
ever being completed.
In 1828 Harris was assigned to preach in Tennessee. In 1854, when he was
65, Harris wrote from Obion, Tenn., to A. Eugene Hutchison begging a favor
for an old man who was �in the deepest poverty.�
Harris wanted to sell property on Steel Creek (that cost him $275) for $100
and offered to sell his 35-volume edition of the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia
for which which he paid $4 a volume for $2 each, saying that the plates in
the books alone were worth $1 a piece.
Ministers of the time were notoriously underpaid, but Harris must have been
worse off than most. He concluded his letter to Hutchison with the statement:
�I am very much pushed for money for the very necessities of life.�
The third principal of Ebenezer Academy was Capt. Peter Campbell of Harrisburg,
who like his predecessors, was known as a stern disciplinarian.
Not much is known about Peter Campbell, including how he got the rank of
captain. He came to Ebenezer from his previous teaching post at Harrisburg,
a settlement of a few houses and a grist mill at the confluence of Steel
and Sugar creeks, northeast of the present town of Fort Mill.
Within 10 years, Campbell had married 14-year-old Mariah Pettus, had three
sons and ended the stormy marriage by disappearing to the West.
Because divorces were not permitted in South Carolina, Mariah got a divorce
from Campbell in Obion County, Tenn.where she had a brother in the same area
to which Rev. Eleazer Harris had migrated. Obion County was on the Mississippi
River near Memphis and attracted a large number of settlers from upcountry
South Carolina during the 1820s and 1830s.
The first three principals at Ebenezer Job Nelson, Eleazar Harris
and Peter Campbell actually presided over an elementary school, not
an academy. Ebenezer Academy�s heyday would really come during the two decades
preceding the Civil War.
Archibald Barron, son of John and Jane Duncan Barron, was born on a farm
in 1800 in the Tirzah community of York District. His early life was typical
of the times.
Archibald had a �common country education� (meaning that he attended a local
one-room school, probably taught by a young unmarried man who had not yet
settled upon what he wanted to do with the rest of his life). The school
session was likely 2 or 3 months in the dead of winter because the
youngsters� were expected to prepare themselves to become farmers and therefore
would participate in the planting, laying-by and harvesting of crops. Archibald
was a good student in both school and work.
When he was 24 he married Margaret Watson and bought a small farm between
Tirzah church and the Catawba river. For 12 years he worked hard and saved
his money for a larger farm.
Archibald Barron had 8 brothers and sisters. By the mid-1830s they had all
moved from York County to either Tennessee or Alabama. Barron heard that
Alabama soil was mighty rich and knew that Alabama had granted 2 of his brothers
and his sister�s family 640 acres each.
He went to Alabama to see what his siblings had gotten. He came back with
the decision to stay where he was. Even though he never achieved the wealth
of his brothers in Alabama he never regretted his decision to stay in York
county.
In 1836 Barron bought a Catawba lease for 318 acres from John McCaw. He moved
his wife and 4 children to a farm next to Thorns Ferry, the present-day site
of the bridge over the Catawba river on Highway 49, at River Hills. He built
a comfortable two-story house and he and Margaret had 4 more children there.
To each child, Barron promised either a farm or a college education. Three
sons and Jane, the only daughter, chose a farm. Jane kept her father�s books.
The others chose college and showed a particular interest in studying medicine.
Barron devised his own plan for farming. The best one-third of his acreage
was planted in corn (the staple for man and beast). One-third was planted
in cotton (the money crop). On the other one-third he put in grain. Along
with the field crops he raised hogs and a few cattleenough to feed
his family and have some extra for profit.
A descendant has written that at the outbreak of the Civil War, and after
36 years of farming, that Archibald Barron was the �largest real estate owner
in his section of the country� and that he had loaned out $20,000 in cash.
The 1850 census shows Barron owning 19 slaves, a goodly number although far
from approaching Cadwallader Jones� 91 or John Springs� 86 slaves and a half
million dollar estate. Still, Archibald Barron had prospered much beyond
the norm and was respected by his neighbors for his accomplishments.
When the Civil War came along, every one of the seven sons fought. Two of
them, Samuel and Alexander, did not return.
After the Civil War Barron found himself a much poorer man, for not only
did he lose the monetary value of his slaves, his neighbors paid their debts
to him in Confederate moneya now useless currency.
The war did not deter Barron of take away his customary cheerfulness. He
�spent most of his time riding around the neighborhood seeing that no one
of the aged or very young needed for food, shoes, cotton to make cloth or
land needing cultivation.�
Archibald Barron died September 15, 1879 at the age of 80, 15 months after
his wife Margaret. Margaret had been as strict an A.R.P. church member as
her husband. It was remembered that in her married life she only once cooked
a meal on the Sabbath and that exception only because travelers had stopped
and needed to be fed.
Bethesda Presbyterian Church, located 8 miles southwest of Rock Hill on Highway
322, was founded in 1769. It was the second church in York County (Bethel
is 5 years older)
Originally Bethesda was a "meeting house." To be called a church, the
congregation had to be served by an ordained minister. Presbyterian ministers
were few and far between on the frontier. Old Waxhaw Presbyterian Church
(founded in upper Lancaster County in 1755 and the oldest church in the South
Carolina upcountry) was served by the Rev. William Richardson.
The original site was about a mile east of the present building. The first
building was of logs. The log building burned in 1780 and was replaced by
a wooden frame structure.. About 1820 the present brick building was constructed.
It is now the oldest church structure and the oldest brick building in York
County.
In 1785 the first meeting of the South Carolina Presbytery was held at Old
Waxhaw. Assignments were made for supply pastors. Rev. John Simpson preached
at Bethesda once a month.
Robert E. Walker became the first full-time pastor in 1795, serving the church
for 40 years. For 25 of those years Walker also was pastor of Ebenezer
Presbyterian Church. At other times he supplied various smaller churches.
In 1835 Walker was succeeded by the Rev. Cyrus Johnston who served for five
years. Johnston, like so many of his parishioners, went "West." In Mississippi,
Johnston established a Presbyterian church also called Bethesda Presbyterian..
As the years passed, cotton culture attached itself to the area. Slave labor
was an element of the cotton culture. Blacks attended the same churches as
their masters. In 1854 Bethesda's rolls listed 73 black members.
Records show remodeling from time to time. The original church floor had
been made of brick. In 1857 the brick floor was replaced by a wood floor.
In 1880 the present-day altar was installed. In 1979 the church received
a $24,200 grant to apply new mortar to the old brick and to restore the pews.
The women of the church played a major role in improvements. The Ladies Aid
Society of Bethesda was organized in 1887. They raised money for a handsome
chandelier (there was no electricity before the 1930s so kerosene was used
for lighting.) The Ladies Aid Society carpeted the church several times,
bought various items of church furniture, purchased a silver communion set,
all of which contributed to the general attractiveness of the church.
An education building was completed in 1954. The first floor has 8 classrooms
and there is an assembly room and kitchen upstairs.
Any time of the year, but especially in the summer, passersby can see visitors
amidst the cemetery's ancient tombstones. The oldest known tombstone can
no longer be read but in 1937 was transcribed as, "William Neely, Dec. 8,
1776. 42 years old." Also, still legible in 1937 were two others: "Elizabeth
Neely, Oct. 25, 1785. 91 years old" and "Mary Neely, Oct. 16, 1815. 73 years
old." The oldest tombstone still legible is for Peggy Black who died Nov.
5, 1777, aged 28 years.
The names most frequently found that date before this century are: Adams,
Ash/Ashe, Black, Bratton, Burris, Byers, Clinton, Crawford, Davison, Erwin,
Gordon, Hanna, Johnson, Lindsay, Love, Lowry, Mendenhall, Moore (the most
frequent of all), McConnell, Sadler, Sandifer, Wallace, Williams, and Williamson.
Bethesda is on the National Register of Historic Places.
In 1828 about five miles northeast of York on what was once called the
�Great Road from Yorkville to Charlotte,� and is now called Highway 49,
Beth-Shiloh Church was organized.
There was no building to start with, just a �stand,� or wooden platform on
which the minister would stand, was erected in a grove of trees.
The church-goers of the community had previously attended Bethel Presbyterian
Church about 7 miles distant. The new congregation persuaded the Rev. William
Cummins Davis to visit them about once a month, if the weather permitted.
After a year of preaching in the grove, Davis persuaded the people to construct
a church. The walls were hewn logs.
Reverend Davis was then 67 years of age and nearing the end of a long and
colorful career. He had been ordained in 1789 and from the beginning was
considered a trouble-maker by the Presbyterian church.
In the 1790s Davis insisted upon his congregations singing Watts� Psalms
and hymns accompanied by musical instruments. His conservative congregations
resisted. By 1803 he was in York District as missionary to the Catawba Indians.
Davis had no more success with the Catawbas than earlier Presbyterians,
Methodists and Baptists had had.
In 1805 Davis began ministering to the Bullocks Creek congregation in York
District. For at least two years he had been condemning slavery from the
pulpit. Davis preached that slave-holding was a sin and for the masters to
withhold religious instruction was the �unforgivable sin.�
Davis was called to Phildelphia by the Presbyterian church and was officially
reprimanded for his �transgressions against accepted practices of worship�.
Davis replied to the church officials: �Against government I have never preached.
. . . Against slavery I will always preach!�
Davis was tried for heresy in 1811. He resigned from the Presbyterian Church
and established his own church, the Independent Presbyterian Church. Bullocks
Creek remained loyal to Davis and by 1835 Davis had 11 churches, all of whom
were opposed to slavery. Six of the 11 were in York District. Two were in
Union County, SC, two in Lincoln County, NC and one was in Lowndes County,
Mississipi. The last was ministered by Silas Feemster, Davis�s son-in-law.
When Davis died in September 1831, the membership of the Independent Presbyterian
Church was about 1,000. In 1831 and 1832 York District was the center of
a Great Revival (the last Great Revival had been in 1802).
Many people were converted but at the same time the migration to the west
(Mississippi and Alabama, especially) was in full swing so that the membership
of Carolina churches did not appear to increase. Families by the names of
Jamison, Kolb, Robinson, Love, Randall and Davis left York District and
transferred their membership to Salem Church in Lowndes County, Mississippi.
After Davis�s death, his son-in-law, Rev. Silas J. Feemster served as pastor
of Beth-Shiloh for five years before removing to Mississippi. Feemster was
succeeded by Rev. George W. Davis, a nephew of William Cummins Davis. He
stayed at Beth-Shiloh for 10 years and then west.
In December 1863, in the midst of the Civil War. The Independent Presbyterians
dissolved and united with the Bethel Presbyterian, Synod of South Carolina.
That is, the Carolina Presbyterians united. In Mississippi, the Independents
of Salem Church merged with Congregationalists.
Thirteen young men who were members of Salem Church were scheduled to be
drafted in the Confederate army. All escaped to Ohio; several attended Wheaton
College, a Congregationalist school and all returned to Mississippi after
the war but the Ku Klux Klan soon scattered them to neighboring states.
Bethesda Presbyterian Church, located about 8 miles southwest of Rock Hill
on S. C. 322, has the oldest church building in York County, dating back
to 1822.
A dozen years before the construction of the Bethesda meetinghouse, the Bethesda
Circulating Library Society was organized along the lines of the
pre-Revolutionary circulating library established by Ben Franklin in
Philadelphia. Penn. Philadelphia was America's most cosmopolitan city (chiefly
because Franklin made it so). Bethesda was completely rural, not even a
crossroads village. The only town in York County in 1810 was Yorkville and
it had probably no more than 20 houses. This alone makes a circulating library
most unusual for the time and place.
The constitution of the Bethesda Circulating Library stated that their object
was "...to promote and facilitate the acquisition of great advantages resulting
both to individuals and to the community at large, from a general diffusion
of divine and natural knowledge."
The membership was made up of 50 men (no women and children were listed)
from all over York District. Subscriber's surnames represented were Black,
Simpson, Walker, Sadler, Givans, Love, Starr, Hanna, Moore, Hope, Davidson,
Rainey, Martin, Grier, Cooper, Daugherty, Aiken, Wallace, Clendennan, Ross,
Anderson, Douglass, Robertson, Mitchel, Miller, Crockett, Beattie, Watson,
Roberson, Williamson Sandifer, Davis, Powell and Ardrey.
The money needed to establish the library was acquired by charging an initiation
fee and an annual installment payment. The books were purchased in Philadelphia,
Pa. and in Charleston, S.C. Quarterly, the men met to exchange the books
which were bundled in lots of from one to four.
Since there were 50 members and 50 lots, over time,each man had access to
all the library's holdings ( or would have if the society, which disbanded
by mutual consent in 1816, had lasted longer). A list of the books shows
that they were mostly histories, religious and philosophical books. There
was a scattering of books of essays and travel books. The Works of Benjamin
Franklin and David Ramsay's History of South Carolina were probably among
the most popular.
A Yorkville Enquirer correspondent who signed himself "Juvenis," wrote in
1860 about the men of the Bethesda Circulating Library Society of a half
century before that they had read uplifting literature of substance. He applauded
the concept of the circulating library and thought it worthy of imitation
by villages, churches and communities.
Juvenis bemoaned the fact (in his view) that the "modern passion" was for
"the sickly, trashy nauseating stuff of which so many novels are made." He
was especially appalled to observe people racing after the "wishy-washy,
namby-pamby, demoralizing matter that floats through so many of the periodicals
of the present age."
Juvenis' viewpoint was probably too harsh. At the time of his writing Yorkville
had two academies and the Yorkville Lyceum. The Lyceum, underwritten by
Yorkville's merchant and professional class, sponsored visiting lecturers
and concert artists. It also subscribed to New York, Philadelphia, Washington
and London newspapers and magazines.
In one week in 1860, Yorkville, the "Athens of the Upcountry," could boast
of having two lectures on astronomy by Maj..P. R. Stevens of Charleston ("
a lucid and highly satisfactory lecture on the Ptolemaic and Copernican
theories"), Bailey's Varieties (comic and sentimental songs, music and dancing
by the "genteel and clever" 11-member Bailey family), a parade of the Jasper
Light Infantry with the cadets from the Kings Mountain Military Academy and
a "Streamers of Light" show displaying the aurora borealis.
Lectures and concerts were generally held in the auditorium of the Yorkville
Female Collegiate Institute at the site now occupied by the McCelvey Center
in York. The college, the military academy and the Lyceum all suspended
activities when the Civil War broke out. Concerts, lectures and public libraries
had to wait until the tumult of the Reconstruction Era subsided.
October 8, 1999 marks the 219th anniversary of the battle of Kings Mountain.
Most textbooks call the battle the "turning point of the Revolution." From
that point on the British were on the run.
It was a remarkable battle in many ways. For one thing, there was only one
Englishman involved--Major Patrick Ferguson. The battle was fought between
two sets of Americans, one favoring independence and the other loyal to the
mother country.
It was also a battle of weapons--the frontier rifle vs. the musket. Frontier
warfare won out over the traditional fighting style of Europeans. The Redcoat
had been trained to be an automaton, to not question an officer's judgment.
Once in battle the Tories were permitted to only move forward or backward.
In contrast, the Patriot leader Col. Isaac Shelby told his men, "When we
encounter the enemy don't wait for the word of command. Let each of you be
your own officer and do the very best you can."
Kings Mountain sits like a raised diagonal across the state boundary of the
Carolinas. The low range runs from North Carolina in a southeasterly direction
forming a ridge on the South Carolina side for about a mile and a half. The
crest of the ridge is around 600 yards long. Its width varies from 60 to
120 yards. The ridge's summit rises about 60 feet.
In 1780 the crest was described as treeless but the slopes were heavily forested.
The slopes were not gentle. There were deep ravines and boulders large enough
to impede an invading army.
The Patriots marched to Kings Mountain from Cowpens on a moonless night on
rough roads in a steady drizzle of rain. To add to their problems the soldiers
had to keep their rifles and powder dry. They wrapped their blankets and
jackets around their weapons and shivered.
All night and all morning of the following day they marched. At noon on October
8 they stopped at the base of Kings Mountain and checked their weapons. The
countersign "Buford" was passed along--in honor of the general whose men
were given no quarter in an earlier Lancaster County battle.
Their were 8 columns of Patriots, about 900 men. The Tories had an equal
number. The Tories had the natural advantage of being on top of the mountain.
The Patriots would have to carry the battle to them and climb the rugged
slopes to get to them.
Looking back, military analysts now say the Tories were over-confident and
lax. The Patriots had a simple plan and moved quickly. The men under Colonels
William Campbell and Isaac Shelby were in the center on each side of the
mountain and when ready to fire gave an Indian yell and rushed the enemy.
The others were to follow.
The plan worked. The Tories were on top but in the open. The frontiersman
fired from cover. Realizing that he was in trouble, Major Ferguson ordered
a bayonet charge against Campbell's men and seemed to be winning. But Colonel
Campbell rallied the men who recharged their rifles and drove the Tories
back.
Three times the Tories charged with bayonets. Each time they were thrown
back. The frontier riflemen were more accurate. As the Patriots neared the
top they gained the advantage of facing soldiers who were silhouetted against
the sky.
Major Ferguson, who had fought desperately well, fell with a half-dozen bullets
in him. His death broke the spirit of the Tories.
The Patriots tallied 28 men killed and 64 wounded. The Tories had 157 killed
and 64 wounded and 698 taken prisoner. The battle that turned the war around
lasted for just one hour.
From 1785 until July 1, 1911 South Carolina did not require a marriage license.
On the other hand, North Carolina had strict requirements which included
putting up a bond to guarantee that neither party had been previously married.
In 1897, Willard O. Bailes, who lived north of Fort Mill on the North Carolina
border (close to the present-day Carowinds location), saw an opportunity
to take advantage of the situation. Bailes, then 27 years, advertised himself
at the �Greatest Marrying Man� in the world.
Bailes had a card printed that listed the marriage fees �to those who
can�t pay more, $1.00; common fee, $2.00; secret service, $5.00; advertising
price, $3.00; rich man�s price, $10.00.� He also offered marriage certificates
in different styles and sizes for free.
Within three years Bailes boasted that he had married 395 couples. In 1900
a news article in the Atlanta Constitution noted that Bailes was marrying
couples who lived as far as 700 miles away. The Constitution said that Bailes
guaranteed that �his services will be short, intelligent, very binding and
hard to break.� (Indeed the marriage would be hard to breakprior to
1950, South Carolina forbade divorce.)
By summer of 1903, Bailes� Flint Hill neighbors were petitioning the governor
to take away Bailes� notary public commission. When they didn�t hear from
the governor they hired a lawyer who maintained that a notary public license
did not give authority to perform marriagesthat Bailes had committed
a fraud.
Meantime, as word spread, Bailes married more and more couples. On weekends
couples waited in line. His advertising expanded to attract more couples.
He didn�t charge for the marriages of ministers or couples over 50 years
of age. And he promised that if the couple had no money he would marry them
anyway. Even at that, people began to say that he was becoming wealthy.
Governor Heyward finally responded to Fort Mill�s objections to Bailes. He
said that although he highly disapproved of Bailes� advertising, it was not
enough to take away his commission in the absence of proof of wrongdoing.
His neighbors then got busy gathering the proofs that Bailes had a racket
going. They submitted his price lists, which by 1904 ranged from $1.00 to
$100.00 (the last for �Regular Millionaires�). Bailes promised �No hard
questions. No license.�
Fort Mill citizens overwhelmingly voted against Heyward in the 1904 election.
This time Governor Heyward paid heed and canceled Squire Bailes� notary public
commission but that action made absolutely no difference. Bailes continued
in his marriage business.
In April 1905, Willard O. Bailes and a cousin, Ed Bailes, got into an argument.
W. O shot Ed Bailes and was arrested on a charge of assault and battery with
intent to kill. It was termed �a family row� in the newspapers. The circuit
court found Bailes guilty of assault and battery and imposed a fine of $20
or 20 days. Bailes paid the fine.
Two years later Bailes was charged with bigamy and adultery. Before the S.
C. law enforcement officers could catch up with him he was out-of-state.
One report was that he was in New York and suffering from malaria. Another
said that he had gone to Oklahoma.
By November 1910 Bailes had managed to persuade the solicitor to drop charges
and was back at his old stand on the N. C. line. He was as popular as ever
as couples lined up to be married by him.
But it wasn�t long before the S. C. legislature passed a law requiring that
marriage licenses be issued by the county probate judge. Willard Bailes�
salad days were over. Out-of-state customers went to the courthouse for the
license and stayed there to be married by the probate judge.
On August 1957, Maj. William C. Coleman, a Rock Hill native and a 1935 Winthrop
Training School graduate, was back in the area to carry out an unusual Air
Force assignment. It was his task to locate anything related to early aviation
that could be placed on display at the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio.
It was a fruitful trip.
One of the first people Major Coleman sought out was Bob Bryant of Rock Hill.
Coleman had two very good reasons to go to Bryant. One was Bryant's own
outstanding aviation record; the other reason was that Bryant knew everybody
connected to aviation in the area and would enthusiastically aid Coleman
in his search.
In various interviews over the years, Bryant has stated that his love affair
with the sky began when he was two years old and saw Halley's Comet. In 1913
he saw his first airplane on the Winthrop College campus when a pilot in
a small open plane was the star attraction of the first York County fair.
In 1918 Bryant was a spectator at a Liberty Bond Drive in Columbia where
7 Jennies flew over while Fort Jackson soldiers marched. One of the Jennies
stalled and crashed at a spot on Assembly Street near the state capital
(precisely where the Market Restaurant was later located.) Even though he
witnessed two pilots killed, Bryant decided that day that he would learn
to fly.
Bob's older brother ran a motion picture house in Rock Hill. Whenever a new
movie came in for showing on Monday there was a standing order to deliver
it to Capt. Elliott Springs in Fort Mill for a Sunday night showing. Capt.
Springs was a genuine World War I air ace who had been decorated by four
governments.
Springs had his own projector and always sent a car for the film and returned
it after the showing. One night he didn't have a car to spare and phoned
to ask if someone could bring the film to Fort Mill. Bob Bryant had read
everything he could get his hands on that was written about or by Springs.
He jumped at the chance to see his hero.
That night Springs told Bryant he would teach him how to fly. Springs had
three planes and said he would start Bryant in a Waco. Bryant's first lesson
was simple. Using a broomstick, Springs showed Bryant how to maneuver the
plane. Springs did all of his own mechanic work and taught Bryant how to
repair engines. Bryant taught Springs how to ride a motorcycle.
Fifteen years after Springs taught Bryant how to fly, Bryant set the first
of two world records for the longest non-stop flights. In 1936 the distance
was 700 miles; in 1938 Bryant flew 1,050 miles non-stop. He later said, "I
set records to show Col. Springs that I could. He had a great influence on
my life."
Bryant flew some of the first mail routes. In World War II he flew anti-submarine
missions. One of the items he gave Coleman for the museum was a World War
II German pilot's summer uniform.
Bryant took Coleman over to Springs Park in Lancaster County. The recreation
center for Springs employees had opened at the end of World War II. In a
rustic setting on the backwaters of the Catawba River, Colonel Springs had
gathered together a fascinating collection of "toys" for kids of all ages
(including the Colonel.) There were three miniature railroad locomotives
to carry passengers around the park, a genuine working merry-go-round, a
war surplus amphibious vehicle called a "Duck," two B-24 bombers, an A-20
attack plane, a T-6 trainer, and the prize, the only King Cobra Fighter Plane,
P-63, known to be in the United States.
The King Cobra was a tracer and fighter bomber with a 1200 hp Allison engine
situated behind the pilot which had been built for the Russians. Thousands
had been delivered through Alaska.
Springs generously donated the King Cobra to the Air Force Museum along with
the original manuscripts of four books on the exploits of aviators in World
War I: "War Birds and Lady Birds," "Contact," "Above the Black-Blue Sky,"
and "Nocturne Militaire."
It is an ancient Roman holiday. Later it was called All Fool�s Day. We call
it April Fool�s. From ancient Rome to the present, it is the day for pranks
played on the unsuspecting.
Dr. Maurice Moore in his book, Reminiscences of York, was born in the village
of Yorkville (now York) in 1795. In his old age he remembered some pranks
that occurred on All Fool�s Day when he was young.
Jack Kuykendal, a hatter, was a victim of a Fool�s Day joke. Jack was
industrious, sober and well-liked. Still, his friends couldn�t resist bedeviling
him for his great affection for an uncle. �Uncle Jonathan Kuykendal said
this, or did that, was the burden of his song; and from his acts or ideas
in the devoted nephew�s mind, there was no appeal.�
A fellow with an unfamiliar voice was hired to go to Jack�s place and tell
him that his uncle was dying of colic. Jack was told to take Dr. William
Moore with him and go immediately to his uncle�s house. Jack immediately
threw down his work and began to seek a horse he could ride.
Since all of Jack�s friends were in on the joke, each had an excuse when
Jack approached him and asked to borrow a horse---the horse was lame, someone
else had asked for the horse, etc. Everyone knew that Jack�s landlord, Mr.
Jimmy Ross, never lent out his horse but Jack�s desperation took him to Mr.
Ross. The jokers were shocked that Ross lent his horse to Jack.
Knowing they mustn�t let the good doctor ride the long distance to Uncle
Jonathan�s house, the pranksters rushed to stop the two with the question,
�Isn�t it the first of April?� Dr. Moore �took the alarm, came to a full
stop and wanted to know how Jack got the news of Uncle Jonathan�s illness.�
The doctor was annoyed with the funmakers but Jack was elated to know that
his Uncle Jonathan was well after all and gave �not one picayune� for the
joke that was played on him.
Dr. Moore�s tales of practical jokes and jokers generally reveal that the
jokes played on friends were never vicious or mean. They were intended to
scare or confound but not to hurt the victim. Joe Martin was so popular in
York that he was elected captain of the militia. �He had studied law but
did not practice it. Most of Joe Martin�s friends in Yorkville were business
men. After discovery of gold in the late 1820s at Haile Gold Mine in Lancaster
District and lesser amounts around Kings Mountain in York District, a joint
stock company was formed in York for the purpose of speculating on gold sites.
A Mr. Leach became the company agent to take leases and sell them.
Dr. Moore said the gold fever was so powerful that if a flint rock was found
on a plantation, Leach would be there to lease all of the farm�s minerals
for 20 years.
Martin decided that he would teach his friends a lesson. He wrote a letter
in his own handwriting (well known by his friends) with no attempt to disguise
it, saying that he was from Richmond District and would exchange 10 likely
Negroes for a mine. He creased and crumpled the letter so as to appear that
it had been handled carelessly.
Martin found Leach, the agent, on the court house steps and casually handed
him the letter saying that he had been given the letter a week ago but had
forgotten about it. Leach fell for it and excitedly took off to see his partners.
In no time his horse was ready, a bag of rocks collected and Leach was mounting
for Columbia.
At that point Dr. Moore, who was in on Martin�s joke, stepped up to ask if
they had read the letter. The men said it was fine. �Did you notice the writing,
you better read the letter again.� They yelled for Leach to stop. He heard
them and returned. They all reread the letter and recognized that once again
Joe Martin had played a practical joke on them. Dr. Moore called the joke
effective for �the gold mine speculations seemed to die out like the extinguished
smoldering wick of a candle.�
For many years, at least from 1920 through the 1950s, there were gatherings
of singers who brought with them their often tattered copies of an 1856 edition
of the American Tune Book by Dr. Lowell Mason. The singers, most of them
men and few of them young, would gather at a country church or school for
a day of singing and picnicking.
The roots of the event were in what old-timers called a �singing school.�
There are references to groups meeting for �all-day singing� as far back
as the early 1800s. The first song book that was appropriate for such singings
was Southern Harmony by William Walker, published in 1835. In 1844 Walker�s
brother-in-law, B. F. White, published Sacred Harp. These books, alongside
the later American Tune Book, were used for as long as the bindings held
together.
In 1919 singers formed the York County Tune Book Association. There was a
similar organization in Gaston County, N. C. and another in Mecklenburg County.
Members of any one county group were likely to show up in the neighboring
counties. The singers came from all over - Columbia and Charlotte always
had good representation at the annual events. E. Meek Dickson directed York
County�s singing for many years. LL. Henderson of Union Church in Gaston
County, N. C. and R. C. Freeman of Steele Creek in Mecklenburg County were
other noted leaders.
There were others who never missed an annual meeting and not just annual
meetings. Often groups got together to practice before the major event. I.
P. Boyd of Mount Holly near Rock Hill had perfect attendance. The usual time
to meet was �lay-by� time, or �slack time,� for the farmerthe period
in late August when the cotton had been chopped and was not yet ready to
be picked.
In 1934 the American Tune Book Sing was at Kings Mountain Chapel. About 150
joined in the singing. The audience came from four or five counties and often
totaled 3-400. Candidates for political office were usually present. They
didn�t sing but but they did �work� the crowd.
Typically, the singing began at 10 a.m. Soup simmered in giant kettles ready
for a break around noon when the picnic baskets were opened and people got
ready for �dinner on the grounds.� After lunch, singing continued until five
p.m. when people departed in an assortment of vehicles including wagons,
buggies and Model-T cars.
Elizabeth Reed, writing about the 1950 Tune Book Sing at Beth-Shiloh Presbyterian
Church near York, described the singing in this fashion: �Many of the songs
are in a strange and unusual minor key. Often the director dispenses with
the piano and the voices of the singers rise and fall in a slow cadence of
unusual beauty. . . . Above the song is the meter, S. M. for short meter;
C. M. for common meter, L. M. for long meter and P. M. for peculiar meter.�
Ms. Reed added that the songs didn�t really have titles, or at least didn�t
have titles with any meaning. At the head of the page were terms such as
�Beloath,� �Perez,� �Otto� and �Ovio.� Some people called it �round-note
music.�
About 350 people attended the 1950 meeting. The major event was the distribution
of a newly published reprint of the 1856 songbook. Kelly Robinson of Gastonia
had found that J. E. Lindsay, a York County native then living in Gastonia,
had a perfect copy of the old book. Robinson was instrumental in getting
the reprint published in Charlotte.
Frances Glenn wrote of the 1952 annual meeting at Allison Creek Presbyterian
Church: �Just as in the old-time singing school, the tenors, altos, basses,
and sopranos, sat in sections to provide harmony to the singing. Differing
from modern-day singing, the congregation sang �do-re-mi�s� for the length
of the tune, substituting the words on the second stanza.�
In 1953 the Annual York County Tune Book Association singing was held at
Olivet Presbyterian Church at McConnells. Several hundred were present. N.
Blair Dulin of Bowling Green was the leader of the 1953 group.
In 1958 the 38th annual all-day singing meeting was held at Beersheba
Presbyterian Church. It was a joint meeting with the singing led by York
County�s N. Blair Dulin of Bowling Green, Gastonia County�s Roy Lineberger
and Claude Davis and Eddie Meek Williams of Columbia.
We don�t know when the last meeting of the York County Tune Book Association
occurred but we suspect it died out along with some of the old-time leaders.
One factor undoubtedly would have been the vanishing of old patterns of rural
life, particularly the disappearance of cotton farming (now being revived
but along different lines).
A visitor to downtown Yorkville in 1858 who picked up a copy of the Yorkville
Enquirer and examined the newspaper's advertisements would have to conclude
that Yorkville was a thriving town.
Most impressive was the number of manufacturers of carriages, buggies and
harness. Wheeler's Carriage Emporium, owned by B. T. Wheeler, built carriages,
buggies, and harness using the brand name "Excelsior.". Wheeler also repaired
carriages and buggies. He assured the reader that he had on hand enameled
and patent leathers, fringes, tassels, carpets, mats, ivory, brass, silverhead
nails and varnishes of all kinds.
Wickert & McCants Coach Co., formerly Wickert & Walker, turned out
carriages and buggies while J. Ed Jeffreys specialized in making and repairing
wagons in his shop near the Masonic Hall.
The Railroad Hotel kept rental conveyances for the convenience of their guests.
The hotel also accommodated stock drivers (cattle were brought from the
countryside and shipped by train.)
The business house of Allison and Bratton, one of the largest, had available
40 gallons of "Burning Fluid" manufactured from 95% alcohol. The smokeless
substance was guaranteed to furnish a "clear and brilliant light."
Allison and Bratton also boasted of its York District franchise on Dayton's
Imperial Sealing Cans with air exhausters for "canning vegetables, fruits,
fresh and sweet for winter use."
There were other dry goods stores. L. Bloomberg & Brother simply advertised
the best quality goods without a hint of what they might be, but "Fancy Dry
Goods," which was apparently the name of the shop, offered silks, linens,
hosiery and embroideries.
Yorkville Grocery Market offered more than groceries. They advertised bagging,
bale rope, candles, nails and yarn as well as coffee, mackerel (salted in
barrels), rice, sugar,and salt.
There was also the Yorkville Produce Market which advertised "wagon prices"
on apples, bacon, butter, beef, beeswax, cotton corn, chickens, eggs, feathers,
flour, fodder, lard, meal, oats, pork, peaches, peas, potatoes, turnips,
tallow, wheat and wool.
Dr. Alfred Craven, Yorkville's "resident surgeon dentist," was also a skilled
goldsmith and silversmith. Another dentist-surgeon, Dr. J. T. Walker of Chester,
came to Yorkville's Cornwell House on Monday and Saturday. He announced that
he mounted teeth "on the cheoplastic process--the perfection of mechanical
Dentistry for the mounting of partial or full sets of teeth."
John R.Schorb, an instructor in the Female Academy, advertised that he took
pictures next door to the Presbyterian Church on Saturday between half-past
eleven to two o'clock.
M. Johnson advertised for "green and dry hides". Mrs. L. D. Owens' ad only
needed one word: "Dressmaking." Richard Hare advertised tombstones and Louis
Smith, boot and shoemaking.
Evidence that Yorkville was in a pre-industrial stage is found in Adams,
McCorkle & Co.'s ad: "WANTED 50,000 yds of cloth--woolen janes and linsey
cloth." Obviously, Adams, McCorkle & Co. factored cloth that was woven
in households spread over a rather large area. Sheep and flax were still
commonly grown.
Yorkville, a county seat, had its share of lawyers: Col. I. D. Witherspoon,
G. W. Williams, Col. William C. Beatty, Walter B. Metts, John L. Miller and
Samuel Youngblood , let the public know of their services. Today's citizens
would immediately cry "conflict of interest!" John L. Miller was the Commissioner
of Equity, an elective office, and Samuel Youngblood was also the sheriff
of York District. Both carried on a private law practice from their courthouse
offices. Lancasterville and Charleston lawyers also advertised.
The paper regularly ran notices on stray horses, unfenced cattle, partnerships
being formed and dissolved, and the notices of candidates for tax collector,
sheriff and the legislature. There were even lists of names of people who
had undelivered letters at the post office.
Lindsey & Gordon purchased all the clean cotton and linen rags
available--probably for paper making.
An 1811 act of the S. C. legislature establishing �certain Roads, Bridges
and Ferries� included the following:
That the ferry on the Catawba river, in York district, commonly called
Bigger�s ferry, and lately, by law, vested in Dr. John Allison, be, and the
same is hereby, re-established; and vested in James Mason, his heirs and
assigns, for the term of fourteen years. And that the following rates of
ferriage, and no more, be received at the same, to wit: for every
foot passenger, four cents; for every led horse, four cents; for every rider
and horse, six and a quarter cents; for every carriage with two wheels, horse
and driver, twenty-five cents; for every four wheeled carriage, driver and
horses, seventy-five cents; for every hogshead of tobacco, horse and driver,
twenty-five cents; for every head of black cattle, sheep, goats or hogs,
two cents.
In 1827, following the death of Daniel Mason, the ferry was vested in his
widow, Nancy Mason. Nancy Mason was allowed to keep it for 7 years at the
same terms except that �she be allowed the sum of 12 12 cents for every man
and horse.
In 1841 the above ferry was rechartered. James Mason and his heirs sold their
right to operate to James L. Wright and William Wright for 7 years. The road
that led to and from the ferry was now termed the �great road leading from
Yorkville, South Carolina, to Charlotte, North Carolina.� In this century
the �great road� received a number Hwy. 49, a part of the national
road network.
Sometime around the turn of the 20th century, perhaps as a result of the
Great Flood of 1904, ferry service across the Catawba River was dropped at
the site of Wright�s Ferry. People from the town of York and northern York
County found that, if they wanted to go to Charlotte, N. C., they had to
go through Gastonia, N. C., an addition of about thirty-five miles. After
much debate and political maneuvering, Mecklenburg County, N. C. and York
County, S. C. agreed to build a bridge over the site of the old Wright�s
ferry route. W. M. Boyd, a Mecklenburg citizen, the access land on both sides
of the river and agreed to sell.
Mecklenburg County paid for two-thirds of the cost of construction of the
projected $120,000 needed to build the bridge which would have concrete supports
and a plank flooring covered with asphalt. Mecklenburg also hard-surfaced
the road from its side of the bridge into Charlotte. York County, which
customarily built all of its roads and bridges with convict labor, ran into
all sorts of problems from bad weather to quicksand and had only three miles
of paved road by the date of the bridge opening on August 17, 1923.
The governors of both Carolinas and numerous county officials were present
that hot day in August, along with a crowd estimated at over 10,000. There
were community bands and scout bands. Local farmers contributed free barbecue.
Cold drink stands and picnic tables were spotted over the landscape. There
was a forty-acre parking lot but it was not large enough for all the cars
which lined the roadsides for two miles. The Pathe and International motion
picture companies filmed the celebration for distribution through the nation.
Following the speeches by the two governors, a highlight of the celebration
was the appearance of stunt pilots who flew under the bridge to the awe of
the crowd. First, two young men from Charlotte, P. R. Redfern and B. F. Withers,
Jr. swooped a Curtis plane under the bridge. Later, Capt. Elliott White Springs
of Fort Mill, a World War I flying ace and local hero, made a perfect flight
under Buster Boyd bridge.
The following spring York County asphalted the road from York to the North
Carolina line.
Samuel Campbell of York District was a master blacksmith who worked from
a shop on John Springs� large Fort Mill plantation. Campbell�s ledger, with
entries from 1823 to 1826 covering 118 neatly written pages, is a fascinating
glimpse into the plantation world of that time.
Campbell made new or repaired every iron or steel object to be found. Most
often his entries show him shoeing horses and making plow points of every
description. With each entry he showed the method he used. �Founded� meant
that he made the object by pouring molten metal into a mold. �Laid� meant
that he twisted metal strands together and �upset� occur when he improved
a metal tool by making it shorter or thicker by hammering on the end.
Campbell mentioned three kinds of iron - �ware iron,� Rag iron,� and �rold
(rolled) iron.� He also wrote �Casteel (cast steel),� and �Blistered steel�
beside some of the objects worked on.
Fortunately, Campbell wrote in a clear handwriting with each letter carefully
formed. His spelling was atrocious, however, sometimes making it impossible,
even with a dictionary, to understand what he meant. What was �kee for a
forked dog�? �Ottering cranes for bells�? �Gudgers upset�? And, �Elettric
iron bradd skeins band hurders�? The last item is mentioned only once, gotten
by James Spratt on 18 August 1824.
The variety of items that Campbell worked on is amazing. For William Goodrich,
in one year�s time, Campbell repaired the big wheel and the tub of his grist
mill, shod his horses, and made for him horse shoes, plow points, a spring
for a lock, weeding hoes, dressing hoes, iron wedges, harrow teeth, and laid
an axe with iron and steel. He mended pot hooks and two bread trays for Goodrich
who was a fairly typical customer.
In some cases Campbell traded services. Susan Sembler brought in her hand-woven
cloth valued at $1.50 in exchange for �2 new Clappers put in Bell - .25:
Mending tongues (tongs) & fire Shovel - .25; 1 foot put on pot - .25;
spout put on tea pot - .75.� Sarah Auton also traded weaving for blacksmithing
services. Dr. Joseph R. Darnell�s medical bill was canceled by Campbell�s
frequent shoeing of the doctor�s horses.
John McCoy was a butcher whose entries showed his trade: �To Fleshing nife
made - .75; 3 tanner�s nives upset - .75�, etc.
�House hanging made frison welded� shows that Samuel Campbell could do fancy
designs. Did Widow Mary Guyer, or her son Isaac Guyer, happen to see some
fancy wrought iron in Yorkville, or perhaps Charleston, that led them to
add an ornamental ironwork to their house?
Widow Nancy F. Potts paid Campbell for �Ironing Waggon complete with sand
boxes - $65.00.� Campbell in turn paid a �Hammerman� (carpenter?) $57.50
for doing the �woodwork of waggon banding hubs and boxes� and $1.25 for making
a �feed troft and side box.�
Other interesting items made or repaired in the blacksmith shop: plating
leather shoes, gate hinges, window hinges, nails, locks, keys, loom collars,
harness rings, stilards (steelyards used to weigh bulky items like cotton
in the field), and stone augers.
Campbell worked for John Springs in an arrangement in which Springs furnished
the shop and equipment but the ledger book does not show what Springs may
have paid him for his labor. Campbell died in 1830. His estate papers do
show that in 1825 he purchased a lease on 223 acres of Catawba Indian Land
from John Springs. Campbell�s widow, Elizabeth R. Campbell sold the lease
after his death to Samuel K. Pettus.
On May 15, 1856 the Yorkville Enquirer reported that on the previous Saturday
there had been what they called the �Kansas meeting,� in which nearly $1400
had been raised to send �in aid of Kansas.� More accurately, the aid was
for southern slaveholders who had moved to Kansas in anticipation that it
would become a slave state as a result of a special election to be held in
the summer of 1856. State-wide the aim was for each of the six Congressional
Districts of South Carolina to raise enough funds to send 100 men each to
Kansas for the purpose of declaring their citizenship in order to vote in
a scheduled election later in the summer.
Back in 1820, after fierce debate over slavery in the territories, the U.
S. Congress had passed a bill known as the Missouri Compromise in which it
was legislated that there would be no slavery north of the line of 36°
30�. The land in question had been a part of the Louisiana territory which
was purchased from France in 1803. Missouri met the requirements for statehood
in 1817 and was admitted to the Union as a slave state while, at the same
time, Maine, which also met the requirements of statehood, was admitted as
a free state.
In 1850, slavery in the territories was a hard-fought issue that ended in
compromise but in 1854 Stephen A. Douglas, a native of Illinois, anxious
to have Southern support for his bid for the presidency, shepherded a bill
through the Congress, the Kansas-Nebraska Act which would allow the people
of the territories to decide if they wished slavery or not. �Popular
Sovereignty,� a term borrowed from Sen. Lewis Cass of Michigan, became
Douglas�s slogan.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively set aside the Missouri Compromise
of 1820. At first, Southerners had assumed that Kansas would be slave and
Nebraska would be free but when slaves were brought into Kansas, abolitionists
got busy. The Republican party was formed as an anti-slavery party. The New
England Emigrant Aid Company sent over 2,000 settlers to Kansas. A race was
on between Southern slave-holders and Northern abolitionists to gain a majority
of the vote to determine the status of slavery. Two legislatures were elected,
one by the pro-slavery group, the other by the anti-slavery people and their
Free-State Party. Pres. Franklin Pierce�s State of the Union address in January
1856 left no doubt that he was pro-slavery.
Henry Ward Beecher, a very popular New York preacher, endorsed the use of
violence and there followed a large number of Sharp�s rifles shipped to Kansas
in boxes labeled �Beecher�s Bibles.� Men of the Southern secret societies
were preparing to strike at the Free-State Party headquarters in Lawrence,
Kansas. John Brown was organizing and arming his own irregular army.
Meantime back in York County, eighteen men applied for funds from the $1,400
raised at the Kansas meeting. Seven were chosen: Dr. Thomas B. Whitesides,
Meek Whitesides, John Whitesides, Ross Bird, C. A. Connor, R. H. McClain
and Isaac B. Dunlap. Daniel J. Young, Robert P. White, Jr. and J. C. McClain
became alternates. Dr. Whitesides was chosen to take charge and gave bond
for the proper expenditure of the funds.
Civil War (actually guerilla warfare) in Kansas lasted from May
21September 15, 1856. At least 200 men were killed and over $2 million
in property was destroyed. The territorial governor, John W. Geary, called
for federal troops and managed to restore peace (shaky though it was) to
Kansas.
The major outcome of Bleeding Kansas was the escalation of tension between
the sections. There was even bloodshed on the floor of Congress as Representative
Preston Brooks of South Carolina attacked Senator Charles Sumner of Maine
following Sumner�s inflammatory �Crime Against Kansas� speech.
The fanatic, John Brown, became a popular hero in the north. York County,
which had opposed the idea of secession in 1830 and 1850, in 1856 began to
talk of the possibility of seceding from the Union.
In the fall of 1987, Scarecrow Press published Bibliography of the
Catawba compiled and annotated by Thomas J. Blumer.
The 502-page book is the 10th volume of the "Native American Bibliography
Series" and will, no doubt, be invaluable to anyone interested in locating
information about the Catawba Indians. It is of special local interest because
of the tremendous number of references to people and events associated with
York County
In combination, the entries (arranged chronologically) and the lengthy index
serve to point out the major events of Catawba history
There are 4,271 references that cover 305 years of Catawba history. Of these
references, 612 deal with events before the American Revolution and 640 more
cover the period between the Revolution and the Civil War. The bulk are in
recent times. More than 500 references are cited for the Catawba land claim
as it has moved through the U. S. court system during the past ten years.
Blumer found these references in many places. Newspapers were a valuable
resource. Blumer cites 75 newspapers, many of which are no longer published.
In the colonial period, the South Carolina Gazette carried all of the official
news and its accounts reveal the significant role played by Catawbas in serving
as a go-between for other Indian tribes and the Royal government.
In modern times the major suppliers of articles on the Catawbas were the
Rock Hill Herald, the Fort Mill Times, and the Yorkville Enquirer. Blumer's
position (senior editor of the law library) enabled him to take advantage
of the tremendous capabilities of the Library of Congress to locate materials
and articles that can only be labeled as obscure.
Among the sources, as would be expected, are the official archives of the
state of South Carolina and the National Archives in Washington.
The South Carolina Archives houses a large number of the extant Catawba Indian
land leases--some 128 leases. Blumer lists each of the leases, the date of
the lease, the number of acres involved, and the names of the leaseholders
and the Indian officers who granted the lease.
The National Archives' holdings begin in the 1880s and include all of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs files on the Catawbas.
Besides the land leasing system, and references to cultural artifacts (chiefly
pottery), there are numerous references to Catawbas and warfare.
The entries reveal Catawba involvement in all of the wars. Catawba warriors
fought in the Revolution while their women and children stayed in Virginia
with the Pamunkey Indians. North Carolina Moravian records showed that more
than 100 Catawbas passed through Salem, N. C. on their way from Virginia
to South Carolina on June 13, 1781.
During the Civil War, the Lancaster Ledger, November 12, 1862, reported "The
Catawba Indian population is estimated between 80-100. Most of the men are
serving in the army, and their families are destitute."
The Rock Hill Record, September 2, 1918, under the heading "Indian Women
Showing Their Loyalty," stated that "Catawba Indian women are knitting for
the Red Cross, and the Mormon Relief Society has donated $8 to the cause.
Four Catawba Indians are in the service and one is serving in France. Nettie
Owl's daughter, Lula Owl, is a Red Cross Army Nurse."
The Evening Herald, May 27, 1944, in an article headed, "Catawbas have 28
Braves in Armed Services,"listed the names of the men. By March of the following
year there were 34 Catawba men in the military.
Catawba pottery is the subject of many of the bibliographic entries. There
are 33 articles cited on the pottery tradition alone. Many more entries fall
under such topics as demonstrations, exhibits, manufacture, peddling, sales,
etc.
The Journal of Southern History recommended the bibliography saying, "The
book is a must for historians, ethnologists, genealogists, folklorists,
economists, local historians, and students of the American Indian.
When the Civil War began in April of 1861 there were 55 Catawba men, women
and children living on 630 acres in York County. Nineteen Catawba men enlisted
in the Confederate Armyalmost every adult male.
The Catawba Confederate enlistees were: Jeff Ayres, John Brown, Frank Canty,
William Canty, Bob Crawford, Billy George, Gilbert George, Nelson George,
Allen Harris, Epps Harris, Jim Harris, John Harris, Peter Harris, Jr., Bob
Head, James Kegg, Robert Marsh, John Sanders, John Scott, and Alexander Timms.
These men enlisted in three different units, more of them members of Co.
H, 12th SC Volunteers, headed by Captain, later Colonel, Cadwallader Jones,
than in any other unit. Co. H, which was attached to the First Corps of the
Army of Northern Virginia, is believed to have seen more military action
than any other company of the war.
Other Catawbas served with the Lacy Guards, Co. K of the 17th SC Volunteers
and still others with Co. G of the Fifth S. C. Infantry. In all cases the
Catawbas served with units which were largely recruited out of York County.
Laurence M. Hauptman, author of Between Two Fires, a book published
in 1995 about American Indians in the Civil War, wrote a chapter on the Catawba
soldiers. In his concluding paragraph, Hauptman wrote: �The Catawba were
not the largest Indian group to join the Confederates, nor were they the
most significant in military terms. But they were far and away the most committed
to the Confederate cause. Brave and loyal to the bitter end, they were exposed
to the very worst of the war, and though nearly utterly destroyed, they fought
as a matter of course, with deep commitment and as a matter of pride.�
Among the examples Hauptman used to make his point about Catawba bravery
was that of two brothers, John and James Harris. both in Co. H, 12th Infantry.
The Harris brothers had enlisted as cooks but were also foot soldiers. In
the Battle of Antietam they were both wounded and both taken as prisoners
of war.
John Harris had a musket ball in his leg when he was sent to Fort Monroe.
He was freed in a prisoner exchange in May 1863 and immediately rejoined
his company. In September 1864 Harris was discharged because his leg had
not properly healed. (After the war he was elected chief of the Catawa tribe.)
James Harris, John�s brother, remained a prisoner of war until the war�s
end.
William Canty, who served in both the 17th SC and the 12th Inf, was wounded
3 timesin the Second Battle of Bull Run, Antietam and Boonesboro. Again
there were medical problems. Canty suffered from jaundice, a condition believed
caused by infection of his wounds.
Jefferson Ayers was wounded at Boonesboro and reenlisted only to be shot
in the head at Hatcher�s Run, near Petersburg. He was captured and taken
to a Union hospital in Maryland where he died in July 1865.
Alexander Timms was wounded in the Second Battle of Bull Run. Robert Head
died of wounds or disease (the record is not clear). Peter Harris was captured
after the fall of Petersburg and imprisoned at Hart�s Island in New York
harbor.
In fact, Hauptman found that almost all of the Catawbas were casualties of
war. He only found one, John Scott, who was later chief of the tribe, to
have survived the war without being wounded, killed or captured.
There was a great deal of sentiment after the war among white neighbors that
something should be done to give tribute to the brave Catawbas. The tribute
finally came on August 3, 1900. A 10 and 1/2 foot statue was unveiled in
Fort Mill�s Confederate park that was dedicated to the Catawba soldiers.
The statue was erected by Samuel Elliott White and John McKee Spratt. The
main speaker at the unveiling was Ben Harris, son of John Harris, one of
the brave Catawbas who fought with the Army of Northern Virginia.
The late 1840s and the decade of the 1850s witnessed a great railroad boom
in South Carolina. The state legislature was in the hands of men who believed
that cotton was king and were willing to finance the railroads that would
haul cotton to the port of Charleston.
Camden was the upcountry market town for Lancaster, Chester and York.
Transporting cotton to Camden meant putting bales on wagons and then struggling
through the mire or dust of unpaved and nearly impassable roads. In spite
of attempts to build canals, the Catawba River was not navigable except for
short distances.
Because of the difficulties in shipment, any railroad construction was eagerly
anticipated. The first railroad to contemplate building in the area was the
Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, which in 1849 became the Charlotte,
Columbia & Augusta Railroad.
The exact route that the Charlotte & South Carolina Railroad should take
was the subject of much debate. The most western route proposed would have
taken the railroad through the village of Ebenezer (now a Rock Hill suburb),
but people objected. They considered a railroad too noisy, too dirty and
a despoiler of fine cotton land.
Ebenezer residents proposed that the line should run through the
�blackjack� land poor land for growing cotton because it lacked potash.
The move away from Ebenezer created Rock Hill, which was destined to outgrow
its older neighbor.
About six years passed before the first wood-fueled locomotive reached Rock
Hill in 1852. While there is no record of how many cars comprised the train
that day, it is known that the total rolling stock of the railroad in 1851
was four engines, two passenger cars and 12 boxcars.
The Rock Hill site was the highest point on the railroad between Charlotte
and Augusta (Withers-WTS Building on the Winthrop College campus sits on
the highest hill in Rock Hill). The story is that the crew laying the track
encountered so much rock that the supervisor, J. Lawrence Moore, gave the
place the name �Rock Hill.� At any rate, the village got a post office by
the name on April 17, 1852. Two months later, the first train came to Rock
Hill.
A trestle was built across the Catawba River not far south of the present
location of the Hoescht-Celanese plant. The first train arrived in Fort Mill
on July 4, 1852. Fort Mill, like Rock Hill, had less than half a dozen homes
before the arrival of the railroad, and most of those homes were scattered.
Rail traffic provided a great stimulus for the growth of both towns.
At Fort Mill, the railroad crews ran into quicksand that turned out to be
harder to handle than Rock Hill�s roack. It took a tremendous amount of gravel,
sand and rock before the track could be laid. Most of the labor came from
slaves. Local slave owners would contract labor for the laying of the roadbed
by their property. Between the river and Fort MIll a majority of the earth
movers were slave women who carried the dirt in their aprons, according to
old accounts.
Fort Mill celebrated the arrival of the train and the Fourth of July with
a picnic and all-day festivities. Col. A. Baxter Springs, forefather of Springs
textile leaders, hosted his neighbors with a barbecue. His father, John Springs,
was one of the major investors in the railroad. A. B. Springs was awarded
the Fort Mill contract to furnish the wood that was stacked in wood racks
along the railroad.
One of the early locomotives of the C&SC was �The John Springs.� Col.
Elliott White Springs, a descendant of John Springs, had a 4-foot replica
of that locomotive cast into the weather vane that adorns the Williamsburg-style
depot of the Lancaster and Chester Railway in Lancaster. It is an interesting
reminder of the days when water tanks and wood racks were essential to the
transport of goods in this area.
After the withdrawal of Federal troops from the state of South Carolina in
1877 Civil War veterans began planning reunions. At first the reunions were
generally small in scale but as the state began recovering economically and
railroads began offering special rates, the reunion groups became larger
and met more frequently.
In August 1889 the Seventeenth South Carolina Volunteers met in their 25th
reunion in what was described as �the biggest entertainment of the kind ever
held in the upcountry�. The Seventeenth had a considerable number of York
County soldiers (4 companies) along with Chester (2 companies). Lancaster
and Barnwell counties had present one company each.
The reunion was held in a park called Overlook Place on Whitaker Mountain
near the town of Blacksburg, now in Cherokee County but in 1889 in York County
(Cherokee County was created in 1897 from York and Spartanburg counties).
The town of Blacksburg was created in 1872 by the arrival of the Chicago,
Cincinnati and Charleston railroad. Sally Whitaker had once lived with her
family in the gap of a nearby mountain. One day Sally took her little brother
with her to search for the family�s cows. The boy was attacked by a large
panther. Sally carried a rifle and managed to kill the panther. The mountain
was named Whitaker Mountain in Sally�s honor.
The old soldiers arrived in every way possible: by train, wagon, horse or
mule back, even on foot. Blacksburg had several hotels which quickly filled
and a number of citizens invited veterans to their homes. Some camped in
wagons or tents on the outskirts of the town.
Col. F. W. McMaster met the veterans at the depot to shake their hands and
distribute badges to 109 of his old comrades. McMaster then mounted a white
horse and led a parade through the main street of Blacksburg and headed to
Overlook Mountain where the special events would take place. An observer
noted that some marchers were vigorous while others were �weak and
tottering.� He also noted empty sleeves and here and there a wooden leg.
Originally the Seventeenth had 1,035 enlistees with 230 of that number either
transferred or dismissed. Of the remainder, 393, or 49 per cent, were killed
or died of disease. The casualties were 67 per cent at Second Manassas. At
the end of the war the regiment had 410 survivors.
At Overlook Place there were present some 2-3,000 people to cheer the veterans.
A �sumptuous feast� was laid out on tables. The band played �Dixie� and
�Yankee Doodle�.
The Orator of the Day was Col. William Blackburn Wilson, captain of company
F and now a distinguished Yorkville lawyer. Wilson was followed by Colonel
McMaster who opened with a resounding �Comrades!,� followed by a long pause.
�Visibly affected,� the colonel added �friends of my might!� He spoke in
glowing terms of those soldiers who had sacrificed their lives.
When the speeches were over a resolution was presented to have the next
year�s reunion at the Columbia fair grounds. Within a few years most state
reunions would be held at the State Fair on the same grounds. The State Fair
was generally held in late October when farmers were likely to have sold
enough of their crops to have money to spend.
Later, a huge tent was erected yearly on the fair grounds to house the
Confederate veteran groups. United Daughters of the Confederacy would serve
the old veterans food and drink contributed by various businesses. This practice,
along with free admission, lasted as long as their were veterans who could
manage to travel to Columbia.
Following the fall of Fort Sumter in April 1861, York County men began to
take up arms. A majority of the York Countians joined one of four companies:
Company H, 12th South Carolina Volunteers of McGowan's Brigade; "The Whyte
Guards," South Battalion, 46th Regiment; Company H of the First Battalion
of S. C. Cavalry; or, "The Indian Land Tigers," Company E, 17th Regiment
of S. C. Volunteers.
Company H of the 12th S.C. Volunteers probably saw as much hard fighting
as any company that served in the Confederate Army. An excellent account
of Company H's service can be found in the regimental history,Gregg's-McGowan's
Brigade by J. F. J. Caldwell, an officer in the brigade. Dr. Douglas Southall
Freeman, an eminent Civil War historian, considered Caldwell's account to
be the best brigade history of the Army of Northern Virginia and one of the
best of the early books on the Confederacy.
From Caldwell's history we learn that the 12th S.C. Volunteers responded
to the 1st of July, 1861 appeal of Jefferson Davis by rendezvousing with
other companies from all over South Carolina at Camp Lightwoodknot Springs
about five miles from Columbia. It was the first regiment formed.
The first commanding officer was Col. R. G. M. Dunnovant, who was soon replaced
by Lt. Col. Dixon Barnes of Lancaster District. After the death of Barnes
at Sharpsburg, Maj. Cadwallader Jones of Mount Gallant plantation near Rock
Hill) took command of the company.
In November 1861, the regiment was sent to the defense of Hilton Head. They
were briefly engaged at Port Royal, and then at Green Pond the 12th, along
with the 13th and 14th regiments, came under the command of Brig. Gen. Maxey
Gregg, a Columbia lawyer. They went to Virginia in April 1862 and fought
23 battles on Virginia soil.
A roster of the company was brought home by Col. Cadwallader Jones and is
now in the York County Library. The list shows 8 commissioned officers, 18
non-commissioned officers and 111 privates. Of that number, 59 were wounded,
22 killed in battle, one killed accidentally, 22 died of wounds and disease,
and 16 were discharged for sickness. The total was 120 casualties among 137
men.
On a separate list, Col. Jones named 16 men who were taken prisoner in the
course of war. J. McRainey was twice prisoner, taken at Gettysburg and at
Spottsylvania. Private McRainey died of disease in 1864.
Notes besides the names reveal various things about the men. Four of the
privates--Nelson George, A. Tims, W. Canty, and James Harris--were marked
as Indian. Canty and Harris (who was the company cook) were wounded.
Many of the men were brothers and cousins. Cadwallader Jones had a son, Cad
Jr., who was a junior officer.
A father of 12 children, John R. Rodgers, died of typhoid fever. Rodgers
enlisted with his two oldest sons, Marion DeKalb and John Blair. The sons,
luckier than most, were not on the casualty list, but their cousins, William
Ashley Sparks and John Calvin Sparks, were both wounded. John Calvin Sparks
was crippled for life and brought home in a wagon.
Private J. F. Wherry was killed accidentally; no details were given. W. J.
Kimbrell, the Color Sergeant of the Regiment, proved how dangerous his post
was by being wounded four times--in '62, '63, '64, and '65. Sgt. D. F. Simpson
was also four-times wounded. Cpl. W. J. Boyd was wounded in three different
battles and died in 1864 after his arm was amputated.
Caldwell's description of the soldiers after only six months of the four-year
long war was vivid: "They were sun-burnt, gaunt, ragged, scarcely at all
shod, spectres and caricatures of their former selves....they had fed on
half-cooked dough, often raw bacon as well as raw beef, had devoured green
corn and green apples; they had contracted diarrhoea and dysentery of the
most malignant type, and lastly, they were covered with vermin. They now
stood, an emaciated, limping, ragged, filthy mass, who no stranger to their
valiant exploits could have believed capable of anything the least worthy."
Having fought on the losing side, York County veterans of the Civil War were
not eligible for the benefits that were offered to Union veterans. Before
1889, South Carolina provided no disability benefits or pensions for military
service.
On the other hand, the veterans of the lost cause were held in the highest
esteem. Parades, pulpits, political platforms, holidays, songs and plays
were used to honor the living and eulogize the dead Confederate soldiers.
Finally, the state began to recover financially from the war and the obvious
plight of many old men and their widows resulted in legislation that established
classes of disability. Much of the pressure on the legislature came from
veterans and their children.
There are three major sets of war records on individual soldiers, each set
duplicating each other in the basic information but also offering information
that cannot be found in other records. The three sets of records are federal,
state and county of origin.
Confederate records of individual soldiers are located in the National Archives
of the United States. The United States Army and Navy kept records of the
Confederates who were captured during the war and surrendered when the war
ended in 1865.
From the official Confederate records, one can discover much about the individual
soldier and his company as well. For instance, the record of Marion DeKalb
Rodgers, Catawba Township, York County, shows that he enlisted as a 20-year-old
private in August 1861, in Capt. Cadwallader Jones Company of Dunovant�s
Regiment, South Carolina Volunteers (the company subsequently became Co.
H, 12th Regt, SC Infantry).
Rodgers reported to Lightwood Knot Spring, near Columbia. He enlisted for
the duration. The company muster rolls show when he was paid (every two months).
The notation was made that he was in the hospital in November and December
of 1862.
The last two sheets of Rodgers� records were filled in by Union officers.
One is headed �Prisoner of War at Hart�s Island, New York Harbor.� Rodgers,
still a private, was captured at Southernland Station, Va. The last record
states that Rodgers signed the Oath of Allegiance to the United States on
June 16, 1865. It gave his place of residence as York District, S. C., and
the officer filled in the description: �Complexion fair; hair dark; eyes
blue; height 5 ft. 8 in.�
York County has a more complete record of identifying its veterans by branch
of service, time in service and residence after the war than most South Carolina
counties. In 1902, in response to the state association of Confederate veterans,
York County made a concerted effort to enroll veterans by township.
The Confederate Enrollment Book of York County includes the dead as well
as the living. An entry example: �Bethesda Township. Page 1. Abshear, Joseph
K., 17th S.C.V. Evans Infantry Private, 30, killed at Petersburg 1864.�
The state of South Carolina published the names, addresses and amounts of
payment to the veterans and their widows who collected pensions beginning
in 1889. These are included in the yearly �Reports and Resolutions of the
South Carolina House of Representatives.� A 1910 example, �Class B. Perry,
W. C., Fort Mill (Co. B, 6th S.C.T.), lost left hand; wounded right hand;
entered payroll 1901.�
In 1901 there were 287 York County pensioners on the state rolls. The total
of all their pensions was $1,205.40. For all but the blind and limbless,
the amount of the pension was $3 per month. The number of York County widows
who collected the pittance outnumbered the Confederate veterans 2-1.
Official historical markers were first authorized by the state of South Carolina
in 1905. The responsibility for authenticity was given to the S. C. Historical
Commission (now the Department of Archives and History). Because of a lack
of funds very few markers were erected before the mid-1930s. In 1936 a Historical
Survey was authorized and Dr. Nora M. Davis was given the authority to identify
potential sites and encourage local historical societies to finance the markers.
One of the prime sites for a marker was the White Homestead at Fort Mill
which was the scene of the last official meeting of the Confederate Cabinet.
Correspondence between Dr. Nora M. Davis and Elliott White Springs, who had
inherited the White Homestead, began in 1939. There were 32 letters between
the two from April 26, 1939 to March 18, 1940.
The letters, now preserved in the SC Archives, are instructive to read, partly
because they show how a historian (Dr. Davis) seeks to get the true facts
about an event with undoubted historical importance but without complete
documentation.
In the first letter (mistakenly addressed to Col. Leroy Springs), Dr. Davis
wished to know if Elliott Springs (son of Colonel Leroy) would be interested
in erecting a standard historical marker at the home of his grandparents.
The price for a marker was $65.
Springs replied the next day and was happy to defray the expense. He also
wrote, �My great-grandfather�s name was William Elliott White, and he owned
the house at Fort Mill where President Jefferson Davis and his cabinet spent
the night on April 26, 1865. I have always understood that a meeting of the
cabinet was held in the front yard of this house under an oak tree on the
morning of April 27th, and that Secretary Trenholm handed in his resignation,
due to ill health, and proceeded to his home. My grandfather, Andrew Baxter
Springs, was present at this meeting, and strongly advised the Confederate
cabinet to split up and take different routes to their destinations.�
Davis and Springs both knew that various accounts of the event disagreed
about details. Some historians contended that the gathering of cabinet members
with Jefferson Davis was not official. They said there had not been an official
meeting since the fall of Richmond to Union troops. Others said that the
last full meeting of the cabinet was in Charlotte at the home of Col. William
F. Phifer and his wife, Mary Martha (who was the daughter of Col. William
Elliott White). The Abbeville, SC claim to be the last was not taken seriously
by the state archives because it was not a full cabinet meeting.
Elliott Springs stated that, �We of Fort Mill have always considered that
this was the last full meeting of the Confederate cabinet, though the newspapers
of Charlotte each year publish the fact that the last full meeting took place
in Charlotte.�
Dr. Davis was already convinced that the Fort Mill meeting was official.
Her problem was with the wording of the marker. Her first letter offered
�three suggested inscriptions.� A major source of information was the diary
of the wife of George Trenholm, the Secretary of the Treasury. Another major
source was the �Official Records of the Confederacy.� Most of the correspondence
dealt with the actual wording of the marker and finally stated, in part,
�. . . the cabinet held its last meeting at which the resignation of G. A.
Trenholm, Secretary of the Treasury, was accepted and Postmaster General
John H. Reagan was appointed his successor ad interim.�
Springs helped by sending pictures and biographical data on the Whites and
Springses who were involved. He found something that said that the meeting
was under a pine tree in the front yard. Then he was told by his cousin,
Harvey White of Graham, N. C., that the meeting was held under a cedar tree.
An 1890s account said that the meeting was under a sassafras tree. Wisely,
no specific tree was mentioned in the final wording.
Finally, the marker was ready and on March 11. 1940, Elliott Springs had
the monument erected at its present location on North White Street in Fort
Mill.
The traditional date for Confederate memorial services is May 10 - Thomas
J. "Stonewall" Jackson's birthday. The custom began in Charleston in 1866
after a group of ladies led by Mary Amarintha Snowden met in the parlor of
Mills House and organized the Ladies' Memorial Association.
The idea spread until practically every town in South Carolina that was any
size at all had at least one organization dedicated to keeping alive the
memory of Confederate gallantry.
Money was raised to build statues, place markers or hang plaques in connection
with public buildings or cemeteries. In an age that saw few women working
outside the home, avenues for raising money were limited. Somehow, the proceeds
of bazaars, cake sales, surplus garden produce and "egg money" gradually
built up. Sometimes it took two decades or more from the initial plans until
the unveiling of a statue.
The monument in front of the Ebenezer A. R. P. Church, 2132 Ebenezer Rd.,
Rock Hill, was built in just such a manner by the S. D. Barron Chapter of
the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The obelisk was unveiled on Sept.
3, 1908.
The ceremonies were typical of the times. There was an "orator of the day."
A quartet and a chorus furnished musical accompaniment.
Special guests at the Ebenezer unveiling were members of the local "Catawba
Camp," a group of Confederate veterans led by Iredell Jones. It was 43 years
after the surrender at Appomattox.
The chapter's name honored Samuel DeKalb Barron, who first enlisted in the
army at the age of 15. Local men persuaded him to come home and enter Erskine
College. Determined to reenlist, Barron convinced his mother to equip him
for service when he reached his 16th birthday.
Barron enlisted in Lafayette's Artillery, which had the task of protecting
the S. C. coastline from Union invasion. He quickly proved his bravery by
being the first to volunteer for the dangerous assignments. Several times
he distinguished himself before he was captured by Kilpatrick's cavalry during
Sherman's march. Barron spent 11 months in prison at Point Lookout, Md. When
he got out, he was described as "a physical wreck."
Barefoot, emaciated and dirty, Barron walked from Richmond, Va. to York County.
Though not as robust as he had been before his army service, Barron was not
ready to settle down. He went west. After one year teaching school in Missouri,
he was in Texas working for a newspaper. After that he was a farmer in Louisiana.
In Louisiana, Barron received word that he was needed in York County. It
was the time of Merrill's Raiders and the Ku Klux Klan. Barron's brother
had had to flee for his life; his father was not able to operate the farm
alone. Barron returned to York County.
In 1874 Barron married. Farming turned out to be too demanding on his health
and he returned to teaching. He began writing letters to the newspapers in
which he pleaded for assistance for disabled Confederate veterans. In 1885,
two years before his death, Barron and his Bethesda Academy students organized
memorial services for the Confederate dead. It is the first known Confederate
memorial service in York County.
During the early 1900s, the S. C. Barron Chapter would join with Rock Hill's
Ann White Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the Winthrop
Chapter of the UDC, the Sons of Veterans, ministers of the city, family and
friends, for a memorial service at Laurelwood Cemetery in Rock Hill.
This would be followed by a picnic in Hutchison's grove. After dinner the
old veterans would deliver reminiscent talks. What tales they must have told!
On July 3, 1825 a laborer, John P. Countryman, "entered the dwelling house
of Robert Love" and stole "one Spanish milled dollar of the value of one
dollar, one quarter valued at twenty five cents, one seven pence in silver
of the value of twelve and a half cents and one three pence half penny in
silver at the value of six and one quarter cents."
The same day or soon thereafter, Countryman stole from James Love some paper
bank bills-- a $10 note issued by the Bank of the State of South Carolina,
a $10 note on the Bank of North Carolina and several small notes-and a few
silver coins, in all amounting to around $30.
Countryman's apparent motive was to get enough money to allow him to move
to the west. To South Carolinians in 1825, the west was Alabama, Mississippi,
Tennessee or Kentucky.
Countryman only got as far as Chester District where, on September 10, 1825,
he was apprehended by Abraham Petty and Rutherford Hayden who took Countryman
to Clement Wood, a justice of the peace. Wood charged Countryman with theft,
placed him in the Chester Gaol (jail) and informed York District Sheriff
John M. Harris of the money found on Countryman.
The records are not clear on what Sheriff Harris did next but do show that
before the quarterly court session assembled he had secured three material
witnesses against Countryman and had required the three, William Currier,
John Turner and Elijah Carroll to post bond of $200 each to guarantee their
appearance in court.
A "Warrant for Felony" was issued for Countryman. The case was officially
recorded as "The State vs. Countryman" and the 21 assembled jurymen were
summoned by a state court called the Court of Oyer and Terminer which had
the power to try treason and felony and the power of general "gaol" delivery.
In the October 1825 court session the story unfolded in the testimony of
the three subpoenaed men.
William Currier testified that on August 5th he received the 1822 Spanish
milled dollar which was marked, apparently with a knife, "on the edge opposite
the foot of the left hand pillar," from John Turner.
John Turner then took the stand to testify that earlier on August 5th he
had received the same dollar from John P. Countryman.
Elijah Carroll then took the stand and swore that he received the marked
dollar from Currier on the same day.
John Countryman was found guilty by the jury. If he ever testified in his
own defense the record does not show it. The judge's verdict did not appear
on the records filed in York. Since the judge was a circuit judge trying
a state case it is probable that the records showing the judge's decision
are in the State Archives.
Actually, John Countryman's guilt or innocence is irrelevant. What is instructive
in the case of Countryman is that as late as 1825 in York District foreign
coinage was still in general circulation as demonstrated by the exchanges
on August 5.
The people undoubtedly would have preferred all United States currency rather
than dealing with a variety of foreign coins. It was certainly easier to
calculate the domestic currency's relative value by using the decimal system
devised by Thomas Jefferson some 35 years earlier than it was to translate
Spanish, English and Dutch coins into American money..
This area was in a state of economic depression in 1825, a depression that
became particularly severe by 1827. Cotton had created great prosperity in
the uplands of South Carolina following the invention of the cotton gin in
1794. By the mid-1820s new cotton lands in the west were out-producing the
older cotton lands of the Carolinas.
A significant number of York, Chester and Lancaster District farmers sold
their land for what they could get and formed wagon caravans with their slaves
and many of their relatives and neighbors and headed west to grow in far
richer soil. For the most part they prospered in the west and soon persuaded
more folk to join them in a western migration that lasted until the outbreak
of the Civil War.
We do not know whether John Countryman ever joined the westward migration.
In York's Rose Hill Cemetery there is a tombstone that reads: In memory of
Rev. William C. Davis Founder of the Independent Presbyterian Church Who
was born, 16 Decr. 1760 and died 28 Sept 1831 age 70 years 9 mos and 12 days."
The marker gives no hint of the stormy career of William Cummins Davis, who
might have been termed the "Great Emancipator," instead of Abraham Lincoln,
if Davis had had his way a half century earlier. Davis, surely, was a man
who lived before his time.
He was from obscure beginnings, born "somewhere on the inter-Carolina border."
Davis' training for the ministry was at Mt. Zion College at Winnsboro, S.
C., where he was ordained in 1789. His first pastorates were in the Spartanburg
area where he stirred up trouble for himself by insisting upon the singing
of Watts� Psalms and hymns. His conservative congregations refused to change
from their position of no musical instruments and no singing.
Davis scandalized each of his succeeding congregations--Carmel, the Old Stone
Church at Clemson, and Bullock's Creek and Shiloh in York District. The General
Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia called him to answer
for his transgressions against accepted practices of worship. It would not
be the last time he was officially reprimanded.
During the years 1803-1805, Davis was a missionary to the Catawba Indians.
In 1804 he reported to the Synod at Bethesda that the school he had established
for the Catawba children was taught by Robert Crawford who was owed $240
for his teaching. In spire of Crawford's capability and efforts, the "prospect
of teaching the Indians not at all flattering." In this regard, Davis had
no more success than earlier Presbyterian ministers, the Baptists or the
Methodists.
In 1805 Davis began his supply of Bullock's Creek. For at least years Davis
had been condemning the institution of slavery from the pulpit. He preached
that slave-holding was sinful and for masters to fail to give religious
instruction was the "unforgivable sin" to Davis. In 1807, while on trial
by the church in Philadelphia, charged with preaching against government
and holding and preaching erroneous doctrines, Davis responded in ringing
tones: "Against government I have never preached...Against slavery I will
always preach!"
In 1811 Davis was tried for heresy. He escaped the charge by resigning from
the Presbyterian Church and then preceded to found the Independent Presbyterian
Church. Five churches split in the process. These were Bullock Creek, Salem,
Edmonds, Shiloh and Olney (in Concord, N. C.).
The membership of the Independent Presbyterian Church grew to about 1,000
in 1831, the year of Davis' death. Two of Davis' successors were Robert Y.
Russell and Silas J. Feemster. Silas Feemster was Davis' son-in-law. In 1832,
Feemster, who was of the Bullock's Creek community, founded Salem Church
in Lowndes County, Mississippi, a church that still flourishes.
Like the mother congregations in South Carolina, in Mississippi the Independent
Presbyterian Church took in blacks on an equal footing with the whites. After
the Civil War the practice was attacked by Ku Klux Klan members and the Salem
Church merged with the Congregationalists.
In South Carolina at the end of the Civil war the issue of slavery was dead,
so in 1867 the Independent Presbyterian Church membership merged with its
mother denomination the Presbyterian Church.
William Cummins Davis left his mark on this region. As late as 1859 the Yorkville
Enquirer could say that Davis was still being debated because of his anti-slavery
writings.
In 1852, a Queens College biology professor, Dr. A. L. Pickens, put together
a collection of Davis' writings, including the Gospel Plan that condemned
all those the "dealers in human flesh and souls." The Gospel Plan was published
the year that Abraham Lincoln was born.
Asbury Coward came to Yorkville in 1854 to study law under the direction
of William Blackburn Wilson, Esq., one of the leading lawyers of his day.
Young Coward, who liked to sign his name "A. Coward," was the son of a lowcountry
rice planter and a recent graduate of the Citadel.
After only a couple of months Coward decided against law as his life's work.
He was more inclined toward physical activity and preferred hunting, fishing
and horsemanship to the indoors life of a lawyer. Coward persuaded a brilliant
Citadel classmate, Micah Jenkins, to come to Yorkville. Together they founded
Kings Mountain Military Academy in January 1755. Coward and Jenkins were
both 19.
The academy was designed as a prep school for the Citadel. The first class
had 12 students ranging in age from 11 to 16. The school quickly gained an
excellent reputation both for its discipline and its academics. The five-year
curriculum included mathematics through trigonometry, Latin, French, German,
grammar, chemistry, astronomy, geology, physiology, history, English literature
and philosophy.
By 1859 the Kings Mountain had handsome barracks, 10 instructors and 139
cadets.
When South Carolina seceded from the Union, Coward and Jenkins both enlisted,
and their academy, which had nearly 200 cadets, closed its doors. Jenkins
formed the Jasper Light Infantry, the first unit to be raised in Yorkville
for the Confederacy.
Asbury Coward entered the Confederate Army as captain in the adjutant general's
department. He was soon transferred to the field where he was advanced to
major after the Battle of Malvern Hill. A few months later he was made colonel
in the 5th Regiment.
Not all of Coward's fighting was in Virginia. He was in the battles of
Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Knoxville plus a number of
smaller skirmishes in the western campaign. At the end of the war Coward
was with Lee at Farmville and Appomattox.
Following the surrender Coward returned to Yorkville with his wife and growing
family. Coward had married Eliza Blum on Christmas Day 1856. Eventually the
couple had 17 children and outlived all but one.
Coward reopened the Kings Mountain Military Academy, but things were not
as before. Micah Jenkins had been killed in the war. Not many families could
afford a boarding school. The South was under military rule, and military
cadets were not allowed to use rifles. Colonel Coward reluctantly closed
the school's days in 1886.
For four years before closing the Academy, Coward also held the office of
state superintendent of instruction. In 1890 Coward became superintendent
of the Citadel in Charleston. The Citadel made great strides under the leadership
of Coward who gained the respect and affection of every student body he ever
commanded
The effect of Coward's work on education in general caused the University
of South Carolina to award him the honorary degree of doctor of laws in 1896.
President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Coward to the West Point Board of
Visitors.
Coward retired from the post of commandant of the Citadel in 1908. At that
time he was awarded a Carnegie Pension for his service to mankind. The money
allowed a "retirement in dignity." A special delegation of Yorkville citizens
went to Charleston in an attempt to persuade Coward to retire in Yorkville.
They even promised him a cook and "a boy," but the Cowards went to live with
a child in Johnson County, Tenn., for a while. When he was 89 and she was
87, the Cowards returned to Yorkville to live the remainder of their lives.
Nine upcountry counties, including the present counties of Chester, Lancaster
and York, were created after the American Revolution out of Craven District
with its seat in Camden. One of the reasons upcountrymen fought the British
was dissatisfaction over the lack of convenient places to vote, to register
their land deeds, and to take their grievances, especially cases of horse
thievery. The new counties were created as places that would have courthouses.
It was ordered that they be located as close to the center of the county
as practicable.
Chester�s first courthouse was located at the Old Puritan Church site;
Lancaster�s at the home of James Ingram below Heath Springs (Kershaw county
was then a part of Lancaster county); and York�s was at Fergus� Crossroads,
now the town of York.
In 1791 each of the county�s duties was enlarged by making each an election
district. By being able to elect representatives to the legislature, each
county came to have a more precise identity in the minds of the citizens,
but there is no question but that the most important function of government
in the minds of citizens was to provide law and order. The major officer
of the county for the pre-Civil War period was the sheriff.
Using York County as an example of all three counties, we can look at the
Minutes of the County Court and see how a county came into being from nothing.
The first York County court met in January 1986. It was composed of 7 men
who were commissioned as justices of the court by Gov. William Moultrie
Col. William Bratton, Col. William Hill, John Moffet, David Leech, Francis
Adams, James Wilson of Kings Creek, and John Drennan. The governor had also
appointed James Hawthorne as sheriff for two years. The first sheriff elected
by the people of York County was Adam Meek.
The first business of the county commissioners was to elect a clerk of court.
John McCaw was unanimously elected. There were to be two courts, one a court
of law to try criminal cases and another called court of equity, which was
to handle civil cases. Jacob Brown was appointed the first county attorney.
In the old English custom, jurors would be selected from
�freeholders� (men who owned land). In fact, the jurors for some time came
from the ranks of the militia (probably they were the group in frontier society
considered to be vigorous enough to endure the hardships of travel to court).
One of the first orders was to build a set of stocks and a whipping post
for prisoners. The records show that the stocks were built but only one prisoner,
a man by the name of Reuben Duling was ever placed in the stocks (a wooden
contraption designed to hold a prisoner�s arms and legs in place so that
the public could view his humiliation). Duling, or Doolen, spent 15 minutes
in the stocks for contempt of court.
Those who committed petty larceny were punished by use of a lash on the bare
back. The first to be sentenced was William Davis who received 10 lashes
in July 1786. Such cases were fairly rare and the number of lashes varied.
In the only case of a woman being whipped, Catherine Wason was given 20 lashes
on her bare back in April 1787. In 1788, Adam Young was given �39 lashes
well laid on the Bare Back,� the largest number of lashes found.
In April 1786, the first TAB case (trespass, assault and battery) resulted
from an assault made by James Kincaid on Robert Patterson. The jury found
Kincaid guilty and he was ordered to put up a secured bond of £25 to
be forfeited if he failed to �keep the peace� with Patterson.
There were a fair number of TAB cases that sometimes were described as
�Riotous actions,� indicating that our ancestors had hot tempers. A rough
estimate is that, in the 1790s, a man was about 10 times as likely to lose
his temper and hit someone than he was to steal any kind of property. In
some cases slander was the charge. An examination of the cases leads us to
believe that the court made a distinction between quarrels of physical violence
and name-calling. The slanderer was likely to pay only a small fine if found
guilty.
The year was 1867. The place: a divided and war-weary York County.
But for a day at least, resentments and animosities were set aside. Blacks
and whites sat down together to eat, talk and share in the revival of a national
holiday.
The spot was a plot of ground in western York County. The day was the Fourth
of July.
Fourth of July observances, which had begun as a way to honor Revolutionary
War veterans, had been suspended during the Civil War. In 1863, the Fourth
had marked two major Confederate defeatsthe losses of Gettysburg and
Vicksburgfurther straining the holiday in the eyes of the South.
As Independence Day 1867 approached, black residents in Yorkville, then the
name of the county seat, wanted to celebrate the holiday for the first time
since war�s end. But they wanted their white neighbors to join them.
Careful to make the day nonpolitical, organizers promised the event was for
�tendering the hand of friendship and unity,� according to the Yorkville
Enquirer, with the desire to �live and let live.�
The day was planned by �Wagoner (colored), assisted by Nelson Hammond (white),
and James McKnight (colored).�
The next week the Enquirer reported that �thousands of the colored population
collected in our streets, arrayed in gay costumes and carrying baskets of
provisions, etc., to contribute to dinner.�
Blacks from the countryside poured into Yorkville �in squads and companies
and fell in line under the charge of the Marshal of the Day. A banner that
headed the procession proclaimed, �UnionIn God We Trust.�
After the march down Main Street, the crowd-estimated at 3,000 blacks
and 1,000 whites-filed to a grove in the rear of the McCaw residence
where they found a stage, seats and long tables.
There was some singing, then a prayer by the Rev. T. Wright, a black minister.
Wright gave way to the orator of the day, Cpl. William C. Beatty, Esquire,
who was white.
Beatty�s speech on the need for cooperation was peppered with more than a
pinch of partisan politics. He told the blacks that radical Republicans were
making promises they could not keep. He particularly stressed the unlikelihood
that the promise �40 acres and a mule� would ever be honored.
The president of the assembly, Jefferson McCall who was black, gave a half-hour
speech in which he stressed that whites and blacks must cooperate, noting
their interests were the same.
After the speeches, the crowd repaired to a picnic described by the newspaper
as �a wonderful supply of provisionsturkeys, pigs, chickens, beef,
mutton, ham, cakes, pies. . . . The colored had prepared a separate table
for the whites who were their guests.�
The Enquirer also reported there was �not a single act of disorder nor a
drunken person seen in the streets.� It was the �best behaved assemblage
we ever saw on the streets of York.�
Such celebrations and hopes of cooperation did not last. Soon the Reconstruction
era began, and York County was occupied by federal troops. The Ku Klux Klan
became active; many prominent whites were arrested and a number were imprisoned.
Independence Day was back on the local calendar. But any chance for a united
community in York County disappeared for a century.
The area of York County that falls between Sugar Creek and the Catawba River
has been called Fort Mill at least since 1832 when a post office given that
name was established.
Why Fort Mill? Probably because the ruins of a fort and a grist mill, which
lay several miles apart, were the oldest known landmarks in the area.
The fort was started in 1756 under the direction of Lt. Hugh Waddell of the
British army after a commission appointed by the royal governor of North
Carolina, Hugh Dobbs, selected the spot.
The French and Indian War had been going on for more than two years. The
war not only pitted the French army against the British army in a struggle
for control of North America, but had set Indian tribes against each other.
By a rather large majority the Indian tribes chose to fight on the side of
the French who posed the least threat to the Indian way of life. The Catawba
and the Cherokee Indians, however, chose to fight with the English.
In May of 1756 a contingent of Catawba warriors headed by King Haigler marched
to Salisbury, N. C. to meet with the colony's chief justice. The Catawbas
pledged their allegiance to the English in case of attack by the French or
by other Indians. The English promised to build the fort for the protection
of the Catawba women and children while the men were away at war.
North Carolina lay between the Catawba Nation and their enemies, the Shawnees
(their traditional enemy) and the Delaware Indians..
On January 1, 1751, Governor Dobbs wrote, "We are now building a fort in
the midst of their [Catawba] towns at their own request." Four thousand pounds
sterling was appropriated for the building of the fort but the building went
slowly and after about a thousand pounds had been spent the Catawbas decided
that the North Carolina effort was not enough. They turned to the South Carolina
royal government in Charles Town for assistance.
The fort, which was located about one mile south of the present-town of Fort
Mill was never completed. The site was pretty much forgotten until the 1870s
when the historian Lyman Draper began researching in preparation for the
centennial of the Revolutionary War. Draper wrote the sons and grandsons
of Revolutionary War veterans of this area.
One of Draper's contacts was Thomas Dryden Spratt, a grandson of the famed
pioneer, Thomas "Kanawha" Spratt who lived at the site of the old fort. Spratt
wrote, "It is situated about 100 yards southwest of my house adjoining my
barn & machine lot. ...it is 2 3/4 miles north of Old Nation Ford &
about a mile southwest of Fort Mill Depot. There is no branch or stream of
water near it. It is on the summit of a gradually elevated ridge but little
higher than the land adjacent."
A. S. White, also of Fort Mill, sent Draper a drawing of the fort showing
two entrances and a well in the center. White said that the area was 200
ft. square. He had been told that each of the four corners was to have a
cannon, but he did not believe any cannon were ever installed. White wrote,
"Only tradition I ever heard in relation to this Fort was from old Sally
New River [Catawba Indian queen]. She said she remembered when the redcoats,
as she called the workmen, built the fort. It was when she was a little girl...."
The fort location was undisturbed until about 1901 when the field was put
into cultivation. Today there is a marker to indicate the location of the
fort.
Isaac Garrison and Theodorick Webb, two of the earliest settlers, erected
a grist mill on Steel Creek where the Nation Ford road crossed the creek.
Later, it was called "Webb's Mill." The date of construction is not known
but it was pre-Revolutionary, perhaps in the late 1760s.
May 1, 1992 marks the 200th anniversary of Flint Hill Baptist Church, the
mother church of Baptists in York County, S. C. and Mecklenburg County, N.
C. In 1792 the Reverend John Rooker (1755-1840), his wife, Anna Hawkins Rooker,
and eleven friends, most of them from Warren County, N. C., joined to found
Sugar Creek Baptist Church of Christ. The name Flint Hill was later used
because of a huge 6-foot outcropping of flint rock that is located in front
of the main entrance of the church. The land was, until 1840, leased from
the Catawba Indians.
The other founders besides the Rookers were John Dinkins, John Smith, James
Spears, Ally Spears, William Pettus, Juba the servant of M. Harris, Margaret
Dinkins, Celia Weathers, Mary Smith, Alice Weathers, and Mary Cooper.
Reverend Rooker, a Revolutionary War veteran, had joined the church in 1782
and the next year begun to preach in Warren county, N. C. Most of the Baptists
in North Carolina were �Separates� or �New Lights,� theological descendants
of New England Congregationalists. Rooker was not of this group. He wrote
a book, An Essay on the Sovereignty of God, published in Charleston in 1839,
in which he identified himself as an �Arminian� and further stated his belief
in �the sovereignty of the Triune God, His everlasting covenant of redemption
for his elect in Christ Jesus, the depravity of fallen man, his recovery
through grace by effectual calling, and final perseverance unto eternal glory
and endless felicity.� The only known copy of his book is in the Baptist
Seminary in Louisville, Ky.
By 1837 Reverend Rooker was infirm and Rev. James Thomas came to assist him.
One Sunday in 1837 no pastor came to the church so the people went to the
home of Rooker. There he preached what is believed to have been his last
sermon. It was titled, �Finally, Brethren Farewell.� In all, Reverend Rooker
served Flint Hill for 48 years. He outlived all of the other original members
except for his widow, Anna. The church carried out his instructions as written
in his will, that he be buried �. . . in the northwest corner of the Baptist
Sugar Creek graveyard.�
From the beginning Flint Hill offered more than just services on Sunday.
Beginning in 1793, the church made efforts to extend its ministry to the
Catawba Indians. A school was established for the Indians across Sugar Creek
on the Lancaster County side. A converted Pamunkey Indian, Robert Mursh,
served for many years as assistant pastor of Flint Hill and as a missionary
to the Catawbas. The effort to convert the Catawbas was abandoned in the
1820s.
The first church building was log and replaced by a larger log building in
1811. In 1828 a frame building encompassed the log building. The church grew
and by 1855 it was necessary to erect a larger building. The new frame structure
was 40 feet by 60 feet. It served until the present building was completed
in 1908. A parsonage, renovation of the sanctuary, erection of a marker for
Rev. John Rooker, and an education building were added in later years.
The church is unusual in that it has preserved membership records and church
minutes that span its entire history. The original records were copied by
W. P. A. workers in the 1930s and typescripts made. The originals are now
kept with other historical records at the South Caroliniana Library, University
of South Carolina.
The large, well-kept cemetery is a point of pride. Buried there are veterans
of all wars now approaching 200 in number. More than half of these were Civil
War veterans. In 1891 the Flint Hill Memorial Association, originally called
the Jefferson Davis Memorial Association, began the custom of meeting the
third Sunday of each May for a special ceremony and decorating the graves
of the veterans.
Our pioneers loved to sing and dance and warmly welcomed good musicians into
their midst. Of all instruments we have more records of the violin than any
other.
Our earliest violin story goes back to the 1760s. It is said that during
the 106-year-long colonial period there was only one instance of a Catawba
killing a white man. The story goes that a Frenchman appeared in the Nation
with his violin which he played sweetly--too sweetly as it turned out.
A young warrior, entranced by the music he had heard, followed the Frenchman.
Some distance from the village, the Indian killed the musician in order to
gain possession of the "magic box". We can only wonder about his dismay when
he found that the magic had been in the trained hands of the Frenchman.
The Frenchman's body was found by some white settlers who went as a group
to inform King Haigler, the Catawba chief.
Justice was swift according to Maurice Moore. "[Haigler] . . . taking up
his handsome, silver mounted rifle, put in fresh priming, blew a piercing
blast on his hunting horn, with air of a king and eye of an eagle, watched
the approaches on every side. In a few moments, an Indian came in view, toiling
up the ascent with a fine buck on his back. As soon as the Indian king descried
him, he raised his piece to his shoulder, fell on his knee, took a rest,
deliberate aim, and fired. The unerring rifle did its work, the victim of
the savage monarch's justice fell dead. . ."
A few violins are now more than 200 years old. A fiddle that ended up in
the Hand family of York County's Allison Creek area was documented as having
been made in 1780 and brought to this country in 1810 by a German by the
name of Herman.
Around 1855, Alexander Sutton, who lived north of Fort Mill, send to New
York for Mr. Herman to come to York County for the express purpose of teaching
a slave named Mingo to play the fiddle for the country dances.
Mr. Herman stayed with the Uriah Hand family. Uriah Hand owned a grist mill
at the site of Col. William Hill's old iron works. Many of the dances took
place there. Hand eventually bought the violin from Herman.
A news item in 1923 told of a Rock Hill man, J.H. B. Jenkins, Sr., having
a violin that was 113 years old. The Hornstiner violin was gotten in trade
with a black man who said it was once the property of Dick Hackett.
Dick Hackett had been a slave of the Latta family of Yorkville. He, like
Mingo, was taught to play for dances. Hackett, also known as Dick Latta,
was considered to be the finest violinist of the whole area.
Hackett was playing for a dance in Lancaster in 1886 the night the big earthquake
struck the Summerville-Charleston area with such force that the vibrations
were felt as far as Canada, the Mississippi River and the Bermudas.
The quake so frightened Hackett that he "slammed the old violin down and
could never be persuaded to play it again." When Jenkins acquired the violin
he said the neck was broken off, there was a big hole in the side, the finger
board was wrecked, and it had become unglued.
In spite of the violin's condition, a violin maker of national reputation
was able to restore it.
There are records of the Virginia reel being danced in the area since the
1780s. A favorite: "Jenny put the kettle on; Molly, blow the bellows strong;
we'll all take tea".
Eli Newton Faris (1830-1902) was a wagon-maker when the Civil War broke out.
As his son, J. S. H. Faris, later wrote, there were reasons for his fathers
not to enlist immediately. Eli had 3 small children, an invalid wife and
his home wasn�t paid for.
A year later, Pres. Jefferson Davis issued a �conscription proclamation�
or draft notice. To Eli Faris it would have been a disgrace to be drafted.
He hurried to enlist in Co. D, Jenkins� Brigade, Longstreet�s Corps. He reached
Virginia in time to fight in the Battle of Second Manassas (also called Bull
Run).
His first time under fire, Eli had a bullet to pass through his coat sleeve,
another bullet to strike the stock of his rifle and a third bullet to barely
break the skin of the arch of his foot as it went through the sole of his
shoe.
After Manassas, Eli went through every battle of his command from Virginia
to the western front and back again all the way to Appomattox without being
wounded or captured.
He later told his son that he may not have been wounded but that he was often
hungry. Once he went 4 days without a bit of bread. He confessed to stealing
a goose once when he was terribly hungry. He carried to goose back to camp
where he and his fellow soldiers �relieved their hunger in a pleasant
manner.�
Faris constantly read his Bible which he carried in his pocket throughout
the war. He said that the Bible along with his carefully obeying commands
were what saved him. He contended that Jenkins� Brigade was the best and
most disciplined in the whole Confederate Army. It was composed of York County
boys recruited by Micah Jenkins, who before the war had, along with Asbury
Coward, headed the Kings Mountain Academy in Yorkville.
Of all the battles he went through the battle of Wilderness was the one he
remembered most. There, when he arrived there was a great body of pines �as
large around as a man�s thigh.� When the battle ended the only thing standing
was a few splintered trunks.
Not long after Eli went off to war, a son, his fourth child was born. When
he returned to the India Hook section he found that three of his four children
had died. His wife, Sarah Ann Garrison, a distant cousin, was sick. She soon
died and a short time later his remaining child died.
Eli lived along and worked his farm until his marriage in 1874 to Cynthia
Catherine Choate. They had five children. The family were devout members
of Old Concord Methodist church.
The land on which Eli lived had been originally owned by Alexander Faris
who had fought under Gen. Thomas Sumter in the American Revolution. Alexander
Faris was captured at Fishing Creek with 200 other soldiers and taken to
Camden to jail. Young Andrew Jackson was in the group of soldiers who were
tied together for the long march.
Alexander Faris had a sabre wound before he was captured. The wound bled
as he marched �his clothing were not sufficient to absorb all, so as
he walked the blood splashed out of his shoes.�
Alexander managed to escape during the second night. He walked all the way
to his India Hook. His wife, Jeanette, hid him in the forest near a spring.
Alexander survived and the story of his trials were very much on the mind
of Eli Faris as he withstood the hard times of his own army service.
Eli Faris moved to Rock Hill two years before his death. He died of a third
stroke on March 18, 1902 and is buried at Ebenezer cemetery beside two of
his brothers, also veterans of the Civil War.
When historians have reason to wonder about the daily life of people who
lived several hundred years ago, there are not many records to investigate.
What would York County residents have possessed two centuries ago besides
the objects that have survived (luckily) and are displayed in museums and
historic houses (like Brattonsville)?
Probably the best source of information on household and personal possessions
is preserved in the courthouse (or microfilmed records of old court records).
Called either "Estates Inventories" or "Sales Inventories," the records exist
for several reasons.
If the deceased left no will, then his (or her) property would be sold at
public auction to satisfy the creditors. The court would appoint five appraisers
of the estate's goods and accept the appraisal of any three of them.
If the deceased left a will, then he might designate certain articles to
go to his heirs and then order that all else be sold to pay his debts. In
that case, the court would require a Sales Inventory to be kept of the auction's
proceeds. When the deceased person was a storekeeper, the list could become
quite extensive.
Among the first of the estates inventories was that of Joseph Davies which
was drawn up March 7, 1791 by Nathaniel Irwin, John Smith and Thomas Barnett,
appraisers. Their list is a good indication of what a household might possess
in the 1790s.
Davies possessed the obvious "beds and furniture" (furniture was the term
used for the mattress, pillows, quilts, sheets, etc.), and "all of the furniture
of the shelf" which referred to dishes, bowls, and other cooking articles
exclusive of "furniture of the hearth" which would mean the heavy iron pots,
fire tongs, andirons, and such. Davies had mounting and locks for drawers,
one "spaid", one old gun, one pair saddle wallets, some Indian crocks and
pans, an ink stand, a black bottle and a 14-gallon "kegg". Davis also had
10 3/4 pounds of iron and 6 1/2 pounds of nails.
Most people made clothes at home. Evidence of this is in the Davies inventory.
The parts of a loom (reeds, shuttles, temples, heddles, "reaths") were named.
There was 11 pounds of wool, a pair of wool cards, 3/4 lb. of indigo, a flax
break (used in preparation of linen cloth), a buckskin and a small fawn skin.
Joseph Davies had some education.. He had 2 Bibles, a geography book, a spelling
book, 1 Tatler, a primer, and a music book. It is hard to say whether these
items had been merely for home instruction of his children or whether he
may have taught school.
Although no horse is mentioned, "Horse geers" was listed. He worked a small
plantation although no land is specifically mentioned in the inventory. Evidence
of this is in the inventory listing of watered hemp, scythe, sickle, and1
bushel flaxseed. There was also a beescap and bees. and 395 pounds of tobacco.
Elizabeth Davies, the widow, was administratrix of the estate. Besides the
household goods, there were debts due to her husband. These included debts
of William Hill (York County's famed early Ironmaster), James Duncan, Martin
West, Thomas Barnett, Walter Davis and "Due from General New River, 5 pounds,
16 shillings and 8 pence." General New River was the head of the Catawba
Indians. Ordinarily the white men owed him small sums for leasing the Indian
lands. Why did New River owe Davies?
In "Charles Senseng's Hands" there was 1,500 lb. of tobacco. This is very
unusual, especially when added to the 395 pounds in his inventory. That is
a great deal of tobacco which might grow in York County but not extensively.
At that date, it is probable that the tobacco was imported from Virginia.
It is possible that New River owed Davies for tobacco used by the Catawba
Indians. Was Davies a trader in tobacco?
Walter Davis' debt was in the form of 11 1/2 lb. of nails. In a money-scarce
frontier society, it was not unusual for nails to serve as coins. A ten-penny
nail was worth just that--ten cents. But Davis had more iron and nails than
most and Col. "Billy" Hill, the Ironmaster, owed him rather than vice versa.
No blacksmith tools are mentioned. Did Davis trade tobacco to Hill for iron?
Numerous York County family history researchers, many of whom did not care
for history while in school, are now busily "uncovering" their ancestors.
Most are fascinated by the process of discovery. Unfortunately, the newcomers
to genealogy frequently accept, without question, whatever they find. Among
other things, newcomers to research need to be aware that, variant spellings
of early names and places were common; the records are usually incomplete
at best and never all in one place; and, that records may be filed (or misfiled)
in unexpected locations.
A good case example is that of the Erwin/Irwin; Ervin/Irvin; Erving/Irving,
Earwin, etc., family of York County. The variant spellings may mean that
Arthur Erwin and Arthur Irvin are the same person. Arthur, himself, may have
spelled his name differently on different occasions. Before the 1830s, when
Noah Webster helped standardize spelling, people didn't seem to attach much
importance to how a name was spelled. In the case of the Erwin family, Irwin
seems to have been the most frequent early spelling with a shift to Erwin
in the third generation. Genealogists who ignore all but the current spelling
of the name are making a big mistake.
Most of the Erwin family histories state that the first Erwin in York County
was Nathaniel Erwin, supposedly born in 1713, son of Mathew Erwin, and then
give a listing of Nathaniel Erwin's children. The list of children is headed
by "son" William (1735-1814). Someone must have assumed that Nathaniel, born
about 1743, was the father of William Erwin (1735-1814). In reality, William,
born 1735, was Nathaniel's eldest brother, not his son. The error may have
happened because Nathaniel had a son named William.
The assumption that Nathaniel was the forefather of all of the York County
Erwins was published at least as early as 1918 in a book, History of the
McDowells, Erwins, Irwins and Connections by Hon. John Hugh McDowell, published
in Memphis, Tenn. McDowell's book was a compilation and cited Lawrence S.
Holt, Jr. as the source of information for York County Erwins. Holt's
misconstrued information was copied and has subsequently appeared in many
other books.
How has the error been corrected? Nathaniel's will was probated in 1814 and
included his son, William. Recently, an Erwin descendant accidentally stumbled
upon the guardianship record of two minor sons of Nathaniel in the York County
Courthouse. The paper had been misfiled in a wrong folder. The misfiled document
was dated February 13, 1796 and shows that Jonathan Sutton, a cousin by marriage,
was appointed the guardian of William Erwin, minor. Arthur Erwin, a cousin,
was made the guardian of James Erwin, minor, the brother of William Erwin,
minor. It certainly seems unlikely that a man supposedly born in 1713 had
children who werestill minors at the dawn of the 19th century.
Recently, it was found, too, that one of the York County first-generation
Erwin brothers was simply omitted by the earlier genealogists. Why James
Irwin/Erwin (ca. 1737-1761) was not considered to be of that family is not
known for sure, but it might be because his marriage to Margaret Chesnut
(of the Camden Chesnuts) is recorded in Anson County (N.C.) Courthouse, a
considerable distance from York County.
Apparently, James Irwin's family tree was dismissed as "meaningless" or
"unconnected" by Erwin researchers until the descendant pursued the matter
after noting that James Irwin's daughter married Capt. Jonathan Sutton of
York County, who, it turned out, was the same Jonathan Sutton who served
as guardian to William Erwin, the minor. Such a discovery will often open
up new avenues of research.
Unfortunately, the errors are not only in books. Some are in stone. Out-of-state
descendants, some years ago, decided to honor their Erwin ancestor with a
monument placed in York County's Bethesda Presbyterian Church cemetery (the
original tombstone at the church's first site having been appropriated as
a building foundation stone). The descendants, using the old books as their
sources, placed incorrect information on the monument. Again, error is
perpetuated.
While it is true that Scotch-Irish Presbyterians were the dominant group
in early York District, the Presbyterian dominance was diminished by the
effects of the revival movement known as the Great Awakening which was at
its height in 1800-1802.
The older well-established churches found some of their members joining many
who had never known the "benefit of clergy," in open-air week-long marathon
meetings There is no record of such a revival in York District but no doubt
many people from York attended the large revival at Old Waxhaw in Lancaster
County and took part in the protracted meetings in neighboring counties in
North Carolina.
As the Presbyterians wrangled over whether to allow only psalm-singing or
not, the more open churches gained numbers. In York District, the Baptists
were major gainers. It would be a quarter of a century before Methodism would
make any inroads in the District.
Yorkville's first Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1824 by Rev.
William Gassaway and Rev. Joseph Holmes, according to church history. The
first congregation consisted of nine members: James Jeffries, Mrs. Elizabeth
H. Jeffries, Col. Thomas W. Williams, Dr. John E. Jennings, John Chambers,
Mrs. Margaret Chambers, Mrs. Sarah Beaty, and Mrs. Tabitha Wilkerson.
The first church building was erected on College Street in Yorkville in 1826.
It was described as a plain wooden structure. Until 1852, there were only
three church buildings in York District.
Even the official histories of the Methodist Church are uncertain about a
precise date for the establishment of Methodism in the District outside of
the village of Yorkville. The date 1828 is most often mentioned because the
minutes of the Lincolnton, North Carolina circuit listed Joseph Holmes as
the minister in charge of York District. For many years most of York District
was served out of North Carolina and most of the Methodist activity centered
on the area from Yorkville to Kings Mountain.
Rev. A. M. Chreitzberg, author of Early Methodism in the Carolinas, seems
to support an earlier date--around 1824--based on statements made by an early
minister who believed that his father-in-law, John Chambers, was preaching
in the Philadelphia community at that time. .
By 1831 there were 15 "preaching places" listed in the Quarterly Conference
minutes. These were: Yorkville, Zion, Bethel, Walnut Grove, Schoolhouse,
Unity, Siloam, Sardis, Prospect, Mrs. Howell's, Captain Jameson's, Ed Feamster's,
Cove Spring, Mount Hebron, and Cross Roads. All of these were in the circuit
ministered to by Joseph Holmes.
Joseph Holmes, and other Methodist preachers like him, rode their large circuits
on horseback, carrying their sermons, bibles, and a change of clothes in
their saddlebags. They were housed and fed by the Methodist brotherhood who
lived along the circuit.
The Methodist minister's stipend was not known as a salary but was divided
into traveling expenses, family expenses, and quarterage. As Dr. Chreitzberg
described the three phases of the stipend: "the first seen at once, the second
far off, and the third only in rarest instances seen at all." When Holmes'
successor, James J. Richardson, 28 years of age, died in his first year of
his ministry, his widow received $10.62.
Money was scarce. Early Methodists were generally characterized as poor in
worldly goods. The same could be said for their meeting houses. The land
was generally donated and the first buildings were small and drafty, often
with no way to heat them. More often than not, the services were held in
homes or in the open.
Few records survive to document the pre-Civil War history of York District
Methodists. We cannot know, for instance, how many blacks in York District
were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church Across the state of South
Carolina, the black membership outnumbered the white but York had a smaller
proportion of blacks than lowcountry counties. It can be assumed that blacks
attended the Methodist services with the whites just as they did at Flint
Hill Baptist Church.
The largest number of Methodists recorded in York District during the pre-Civil
War period was 408 in 1844.
The early York County estate records have been preserved on microfilm. Legal
papers such as wills, estate inventories (records of those who did not devise
wills) and sheriff's auction records make interesting reading, especially
those papers recorded in the early years of the county.
Most of the writers of wills were husbands and fathers. They recorded the
wills in order that their estates be distributed in the manner that they
wished them to be but, no matter what the wishes were, if their were debts,
the estate assets would be auctioned at a public sale and the proceeds would
be applied against the debts with the remainder going to the nearest of kin.
As a general rule, in any family where there was a widow and adult children,
the adult sons received the land. The "mansion house" would be reserved for
the widow as long as she lived--if she remained in a "state of widowhood."
The furniture, tools, animals, and personal possessions were often distributed
among the daughters and younger sons.
In 1788 Matthew Bigger, who apparently had no children, left all of his property
to his widow except that at her death or remarriage all of the estate to
go to "James Bigger my brother Moses' son."
Oliver Wallace, Jr. was more generous. In his 1789 will he stipulated: "I
give and bequeath to my wife Judith Wallace my oldest Bay Mare, with a woman's
Saddle & Bridle also a Feather Bed and Furniture with all her wearing
apparel, and equal part with my 3 daughters in my household furniture, which
I allow to be her use and disposal forever." The son, Oliver Barry Wallace,
received the 100 acre plantation but Wallace stated that he wished his wife
to "have as comfortable and Genteel a living off of the Plantation I now
live on as the same will admit of together with service of by Negro Boy Snow...."
James Ferguson's will written in January 1793 clearly intended to allow his
widow to have use of the land only if she did not remarry: "My beloved wife
Arnaretta full possession of the dwelling house I now live in, with what
household plenishing she thinks proper to keep, with two Cows & Calves
with one Plough and two pairs of Gears and Tacklings with two work Horses,
and my Negro man Sandy, and my Negro wench Rachel, with full power to use
the above articles to Till what of the Land she shall need for her sustenance
during her Natural Life (if she remain a Widow) and at her death or marriage,
whatever of the above articles is then in being...[to be distributed to the
children]."
Nathaniel Henderson's wife Ellanah (Eleanor) had been married previously
and brought property into the marriage. Nathaniel stated in his will that
Ellenah was to keep those items she brought into the marriage. He listed
these as: "a bright bay mare, sorrel horse colt, a grown cow, bed & bedstead
and furniture compleat, household and kitchen furniture" and then added that
she was to have the services of two servants "until her Death or Change of
Station."
Nathaniel Henderson continued, "I allow my said wife as Comfortable and Plentiful
a living off of the Plantation I now live on as the same will admit for four
years after my decease and the use of one Barr shear [a type of plow] and
one shovel plough with common trimmings... and if it is amicably agreed on
between my Sd. wife and my family connections, whom it may immediately concern
for her my Sd. wife to continue to carry on the Plantation business in
conjunction with my sons Nathaniel and Robert, it would be agreeable to my
Desire, but if the same is objected against...the survey of the land I now
live on being by Estimation 640 acres is to [be] divided among my sons Nathaniel,
Daniel, James, Robert, Samuel & Thomas."
Stephen Miller "lent" his estate to his wife Hannah until their children
were 21 years or age or married. His son James Miller was to get the Catawba
Indian Land plantation after the death of his mother.
It is interesting that a majority of the deceased did not leave wills. There
were far more estate inventories recorded than there were wills recorded.
The story of "Beautiful Mary" of Ebenezer is a favorite one of this area.
Her full name was Mary America Avery Toland and she was said to be the most
beautiful woman in South Carolina.
Born ca. 1818, she was one of seven children of Col. Edward and Mary Elizabeth
Vaughn Avery, residents of the small village of Ebenezerville, now a part
of Rock Hill.
Colonel Avery, a Virginia native, was well-to-do and could afford the best
for his lovely daughter. The breathtaking beauty made her debut in 1849 at
the annual State House Ball held at the governor's mansion. It was the social
event of the year.
At the ball, Mary's dark blue eyes and long black lashes set in a perfectly
shaped oval face attracted the attention of Dr. Huger H. Toland, a wealthy
and prominent citizen of Columbia. Dr. Toland told a friend that she was
the most beautiful woman he had ever seen and that he intended to marry her.
They were married after a short courtship. Apparently Mary had some health
problems. Dr. Toland, decided that she needed a change of climate and that
they would go to California. The recent discovery of gold had brought California
much attention as the "land of milk and honey."
Dr. Toland outfitted a caravan for the long, overland trip. Mary's mother
was frightened at the prospect of her delicate daughter making such an arduous
journey. Toland promised her that if anything should happen to Mary that
he would bring her back to Ebenezer cemetery.
Dr. Edward T. Avery, Mary's brother, accompanied the Tolands on the long
trip through unsettled country. It took six months to reach the west coast.
They camped on the outskirts of San Francisco.
The first night in the camp Mary contracted cholera. She died three days
later, September 22, 1852.
Dr. Toland took Mary's body into San Francisco and had her embalmed. Then
he ordered the construction of a vault for her body. Some old accounts say
that Toland kept her casket in his office; others say it was kept in his
home. In any case, it is certain that the body was not interred while in
California.
For 25 years Toland built a thriving medical practice. He founded San Francisco's
Toland University. He also remarried and had a son, Arthur Toland, who became
a famous actor.
In 1877, 25 years after the death of Mary, Dr. Toland decided to keep the
promise he had made to Mary's mother to return her body to Ebenezer. By that
time both of her parents were dead; the mother died in 1862 and the father
a year later.
In the 25 years since Mary Toland's departure in a covered wagon many changes
had improved American transportation. Transcontinental railroad lines were
in place. The body was shipped by train to Ebenezer, placed in "seven coffins."
Dr. Toland and his second wife accompanied the body.
Dr. Toland said that Mary was "as beautiful as on the day she died." He composed
the inscription for her tombstone:
In 1971, the late U. S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, a relative of Toland,
came to Ebenezer and visited the grave of the "most beautiful woman in South
Carolina."
On January 9, 1923, Buster Boyd bridge, named for W. M. Boyd, a Mecklenburg
County farmer who owned the access land, was open to automobile traffic between
York County, S. C. and Mecklenburg County, N. C. The bridge link across the
Catawba River cut out about 35 miles formerly required to get from Rock Hill
to Charlotte. Before Buster Boyd bridge was built, automobile traffic from
Rock Hill to Charlotte had to go through Gastonia, N.C.
The bridge building was a joint project of the two counties. The original
estimated cost was $120,000 with Mecklenburg agreeing to pay two-thirds of
that amount. The engineering plans called for a bridge 1,378 ft. long in
10 spans.
The substructure was concrete supporting a two-lane plank flooring covered
by asphalt. The estimated time for construction was six months.
The construction took much longer than planned. Delays were caused by bad
weather and by unexpected quicksand. York County, when faced with the additional
costs, refused to levy any more taxes.
Mecklenburg County hard-surfaced its side from the bridge into Charlotte.
York County had originally planned to build a $35,000 sand-clay road from
Rock Hill to the bridge. When the bridge was completed there were only three
miles built. The rest of the road was in "fearful condition."
The fact that the road on the York County side was impassable did not keep
Mecklenburg County from planning a big celebration for August 17, 1923. In
July the general public was informed of the plans.
The governors of the two states, the two state highway commissioners, and
various county officials were to participate. Community bands and scout bands
would furnish the music. Local farmers were contributing free barbecue. Cold
drink stands and picnic tables would be set up.
When the great day came there was an estimated 10,000 people present. Automobiles
lined the road for more than two miles. Forty acres was cleared for a parking
lot.
The orderly crowd covered a hillside that formed a natural amphitheater.
The speaker's stand was situated on a dry creek bed. The North Carolina governor
was Cameron Morrison, a native of the Charlotte area who had won the governorship
on a platform calling for "good roads." Cam Morrison was followed by a succession
of speakers who extolled good roads as the key to progress.
Farm to market roads were expected to benefit the farmer more than any other
segment of the population but every traveler dreamed of being freed from
decades of battling mud alternating with choking dust. The crowd, almost
all of it having arrived by automobile, was truly appreciative.
Various dignitaries came with their individual versions of how and why the
governor of North Carolina said to the governor of South Carolina, "Governor,
it has been a long time between drinks."
The Pathe and International motion picture companies filmed the celebration
for distribution throughout the nation.
Many people were on the bridge when the first airplane appeared. Two young
men from Charlotte, P. R. Redfern and B. F. Withers, Jr., flying a Curtis
plane, swooped beneath the bridge. The "trucks of the plane," according to
eye-witnesses, "tossed up a spray of water as they touched the surface."
Sometime in the year 1791, Eleanor �Nelly� Mitchell landed at the port of
Charleston accompanied by her brother, James Mitchell. Eleanor had separated
from her husband, James Gault, in Larne, County Antrim, Ireland. Her son,
James Gault, Jr., stayed with his father in Ireland.
Not long after arriving in South Carolina, Eleanor Mitchell married Robert
Grier in York District. When Robert Grier died in 1818 or 1819, Eleanor inherited
half of his estate. Grier�s nieces and nephews inherited the other half.
Eleanor Grier�s pleading letters to her son James in Ireland increased. Finally,
James relented, sold his cottage, a dozen acres, two cows and a horse, and
brought his wife, Betty Gingles, and their children to the United States.
James and Betty Gingles Gault brought with them a married daughter, Barbara,
and her husband, William Wham, as well as their younger children John,
James, Joseph, and Elinor Gault. They arrived at Baltimore in 1820 and were
met by a Mr. Bell of Chester District, who drove a wagon to Baltimore. Mrs.
Grier had hired Bell for $130. She gave Bell $30 to start the trip and $100
when he returned with her family.
Bell found the family but before they got out of Baltimore, James Gault,
Jr. died. In 1824, his widow, Betty Gingles, died. This left the children
in the care of their grandmother Grier. In 1831 Eleanor Grier died without
leaving a will. A grandson of Eleanor�s brother, �Capt. Jimmy� Mitchell,
James M. Love, was made administrator of Eleanor Grier�s estate.
Love decided that the Gault children were not legitimate heirs to Mrs.
Grier�s estate. He contended that Eleanor Mitchell had never married James
Gault, Sr. This denial of the Gault children�s claim prompted the suit
�William Wham and Barbara his wife, et al, vs. James M. Love, et al� in the
York District Equity Court.
Love�s case rested on the hope that the marriage of Eleanor Mitchell and
James Gault, Sr. could not be proved. Love also charged that the complainants
were foreigners and aliens a point that got little attention.
The Whams were able to assemble a number of witnesses who had known the Gaults
and Eleanor Mitchell in Ireland.
John Gault, Sr�s younger sister, Nancy Woodside, of Greenville District,
was too �aged and infirm� to travel to Yorkville but dictated a statement
that her family in Ireland considered John Gault, Jr. to be legitimate
that he inherited �in exclusion of all other kindred a large property� from
his grandfather Gault. Fourteen citizens vouched for Nancy Woodside�s
�virtue, discretion and veracity.�
Witness after witness testified that �females in my time always were called
by their maiden names.� For Eleanor to be known as Mitchell while married
to Gault, they each said was common. They also knew Eleanor in Ireland as
either Nelly or Ellen.
All witnesses for the Gaults agreed that Eleanor left John Gault, Sr. because
of differences with Gault�s mother. Some witnessed that many lawful marriages
were never recorded in the parish books.
Samuel Snoddy testified that he was present the day the earth bank of a quarry
caved in on John Gault, Sr. Snoddy visited Eleanor Grier soon after he arrived
in America and informed her of her former husband�s untimely death. Snoddy
testified that Eleanor wept.
The testimony given by witnesses Mary McNinch, James Ford, Henrietta Hemingway,
William W. Coker, James Alexander, Robert Meek and William Wilson allows
the reader of the court records to piece together the evidence. It is revealed
that Eleanor had an earlier husband than Gault, named only as �Mr. Knox.�
And, her second husband, John Gault, Sr., lived with Jane McCracken after
Eleanor came to America.
The witnesses traveled great distances. William Wilson traveled 474 miles
round trip and spent 23 days in Yorkville. Robert Meek traveled 192 miles
and spent 17 days. Each witness received a dollar a day, and three cents
a mile for his trouble.
October 13, 1836, Judge John B. O�Neall endorsed the decision of the jury
that the Gault children were the rightful heirs of Eleanor Grier.
And so ended five years of contention over whether of not Eleanor Mitchell
was legally the mother of James Gault, Jr.
Since the 1830s there have been, at various times, at least 48 gold mines
in operation in York County. Perhaps as many as 30 of the mines cluster around
the Smyrna area. The second most productive group have been around Kings
Mountain.
M. Tuomey, geologist, made the first report on South Carolina gold mining
in 1848. Tuomey found that York County (or York District as it called before
the Civil War) had two distinct, but parallel, ranges where gold was likely.
Tuomey referred to one of the gold ranges as the King's Mountain to Fair
Forest. In that range the gold was associated with iron and limestone The
other range extended through Chesterfield County and Lancaster County with
one extremity ending in York District near the Catawba River and is associated
with granite. The last crossed the Catawba River near Turkey Point, the old
site of the Catawba Indian's chief village on the Lancaster County side of
the river. According to Tuomey, this range only extended a few miles into
the southeast corner of York District on the plantation of a man named
Sitgreaves.
Tuomey began his investigation in Yorkville and described the neighboring
mines as "highly interesting." On King's Creek, the first mine of the King's
Mountain range he visited, he found gold mixed with iron ore and quartz in
a vein about three feet thick.
Tuomey did not report it but probably York District's largest and most productive
mine was Martin Mine on Wolf's Creek near York. It was originally worked
in 1836 by Daniel Smith and Dawkins. They had a 99-year lease from Martin.
The lease changed hands many times. The largest recorded nugget found weighted
17 ounces. A 9 and 1/2 ounce nugget was also found at the same location.
Nuggets the size of a pin head were said to be common. The site was being
worked as late as 1952.
Oscar Lieber, state geologist, toured the area in 1858. Lieber reported on
a number of mines, including Wylie's, Smith's, Wilson's, Sutton's, Martin's,
Dover's, and Mary Mine.
Wylie's Mine was near T. G. Wylie's store at Hickory Grove. There, Lieber
witnessed three or four hands separating gold with a "rocker and little drag
mill." Crystalline quartz yielded 10 to 15 pennyweights of gold a day.
Smith's mine, a mile and a half west of Wylie's mine had been dug to a depth
of a hundred feet. It had a vein that had extended from two feet wide to
nine feet, with an average width of seven feet. The promising vein was abandoned
when the miners reached 20 feet below water level.
Lieber also reported the Clawson Mine, four miles northwest of Fort Mill
where gold was "abundant" and associated with pyrite. A later geologist reported
in 1908 that the same mine, then called the Sutton Mine, showed a vein outcrop
for 1,200 feet He assayed the gold content at $27 a ton. The main shaft was
50 to 60 feet deep. This was the only mine operated in Fort Mill District.
There was a "Carolina Gold Rush" that lasted until the Civil War. A second
period of activity began about 1880 and lasted until around 1910. The price
of gold made it profitable to reopen the old mines and some new ones were
discovered and put into production.
During the late Depression years, around 1935 until 1942, unemployed men
dug for gold in the old shafts and panned the streams hoping for a bonanza.
Several mines were larger operations. Bob Ward of the Evening Herald wrote
a story in 1938 about two mines he visited on "the old John Smith place"
near Hickory Grove. The mines, called the Schlegel-Milch and the Dorothy,
were shipping about 20 to 25 tons of ore daily. The best ore went to Perth
Amboy, N. J. and the cheaper grades to Knoxville, Tenn.
Another mining outfit, Southern Gold, located about two miles from Smyrna,
was the largest in operation during the Depression era. They closed down
in 1940.
Unfortunately, today there is little hope that enough high grade gold ore
can be found to make a profitable gold mining operation in York County.
On October 5, 1780 a small band of Revolutionary patriots gathered at Cowpens
to deliberate the course to follow in their pursuit of Colonel Patrick Ferguson
of the King's 71st Regiment. Ferguson was believed to be somewhere between
them and Lord Cornwallis to the east.
The first intelligence of Ferguson's location was gained on October 6 by
Joseph Kerr, a crippled boy in Col. James Williams' company. Kerr found
Ferguson's men camped at Peter Quinn's home about five or six miles from
Kings Mountain. Kerr pretended to be a Loyalist and entered the camp where
he estimated that Ferguson had about 1500 men. Then, hardly noticed, Kerr
left to report to the patriot officers.
Next, Major Chronicle recommended a South Fork lad, Enoch Gilmer, to scout
the enemy. About Gilmer it was later written: "Gilmer can assume any character
that occasion may require; he could cry and laugh in the same breath, and
all who saw it would believe he was in earnest; that he could act the part
of a lunatic so well that no one could discover him; above all, he was a
stranger to fear."
Gilmer planned to stop every few miles to see what the local people knew
about Ferguson's movements. The first stop was at the home of a Tory where
Gilmer posed as a sympathetic loyalist who needed to find Ferguson's
headquarters. Gilmer got so much detail on Ferguson's plans and his communication
with Cornwallis that he immediately returned to report to Gen. William Campbell
who had assumed the role of chief officer.
Campbell had about ll00 troops --the estimates running at 666 North Carolinians,
200 from South Carolina, 200 from Virginia and 30 from Georgia.
Again, Enoch Gilmer was sent ahead to reconnoiter. The army crossed the Cherokee
Ford on the Broad River. They became concerned when Gilmer did not return
but soon across a valley they recognized the voice of Gilmer singing an old
English tune, "Barney Linn." The song signaled that the way was clear. "Gilmer's
heart was so glad that the chase was nearly over and the game almost in sight,
that he had given vent to his soul in a mirthful song."
Beef found at Cowpens fed the troops at the site of an abandoned Tory camp.
The rain poured and the men took their blankets from their shoulders to wrap
their guns and powder as they marched.
Again Gilmer went forward. At the home of a family named Beason he was informed
that Ferguson's camp was nine miles away. As the troops left, a girl came
out and told Col. Campbell that Ferguson and his men were on Kings Mountain.
Campbell went three miles more and stopped at another cabin. Inside he found
Gilmer "partaking of the best of the house and hurrahing for King George."
An old woman and her granddaughters had fed Gilmer well. Campbell could not
resist having fun with Gilmer. He ordered a rope put around his neck and
marched him out, presumably to be hung. The girls' cried and begged for Gilmer's
life. Campbell told them he would hang Gilmer out of sight of their home
so that they would not be upset.
As soon as the patriots were on the road again, Gilmer gave his latest
intelligence to Campbell. Plans were laid for the impending battle.
Luck was with the patriot forces. Not only had they had the valuable information
secured by Joseph Kerr, the crippled boy, and Enoch Gilmer, the consummate
actor, but, in sight of the foot of the mountain, they captured a young Tory
carrying a dispatch from Ferguson to Cornwallis. Col. Frederick Hambright
had recognized John Ponder, a Tory in disguise.
Then, within a mile of Ferguson's camp, they found a Whig, Henry Watkins,
just released by Ferguson, who gave them all of the information they needed
for setting up their lines for battle. The battle of Kings Mountain lasted
only 50 minutes but now is recognized as the patriot victory that "turned
the tide" of the Revolution in favor of the Americans.
Richard Gillespie had finished Ebenezer Academy and was planning to attend
the University of Virginia when the Civil War broke out. He enlisted on April
9, 1865, three days before the firing on Fort Sumter.
As a member of Co. E, 5th SC Regiment under Gen. Micah Jenkins, one of the
founders of the Kings Mountain Academy, he arrived in Virginia on July 4th.
The first land battle of the Civil War, First Manassas, was just ending when
Gillespie�s company arrived. He didn�t fire a gun but toured the battlefield.
Gillespie�s first battle was at Drainsville, about 15 miles from Washington.
The battle was considered a draw. Shortly afterward, Gillespie witnessed
his first execution. A Zouave from New Orleans cursed his officer, was tied
to a stake and shot by his own company.
After the war, when Gillespie wrote his reminiscences for the S. D. Barron
Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, he reported numerous
battles. A typical short account told what happened at the battle of Seven
Pines, �. . we surprised the Yankees preparing dinner. We put them to flight,
ate the dinner and captured stores, shot up the whiskey barrels, and helped
ourselves.�
He wrote of being on the sick list and going to Richmond to recuperate along
with his cousin, Brown Garrison. Their landlady had a beautiful daughter
and an equally beautiful niece. The boys had a �splendid time.�
Richard Gillespie had a body servant named Sandy Gillespie with him. At Franklin,
Virginia the man disappeared and Richard never saw him again.
Two of the company deserted and went home. �They were ignorant men, and did
not know the dangers of desertion.� The brigade commander found that the
men had returned to their York county homes and sent a detail of soldiers
to arrest them and take them back to Virginia.
A military court tried the deserters and condemned them to be shot. A short
time later the brigade was marched into an open field and lined up. The condemned
men were made to march up and down in front of their company while carrying
their own coffins. They were tied to two stakes. A dozen men were selected.
Half of them were handed guns with bullets; half without. No one knew who
did the killing.
In the fall of 1863 the brigade was ordered to Chattanooga, Tennessee. At
Look Out Mountain Gillespie received his only wound of the war. �A spent
ball struck my ear and fell into my hands.�
In Tennessee, as in Virginia, when rations got scarce the boys went foraging
for chickens, geese, fruit or anything that was handy. They never hesitated
to take what they wanted from civilians.
At Fredericksburg Gillespie did picket duty along the river. Union and
Confederate troops agreed not to fire at each other. The soldiers talked
across the river and exchanged jokes. �Some of our boys would make little
pine bark boats and send tobacco across and receive coffee in return.�
At Petersburg, Company E was given the task of building breastworks. A single
shot was fired from some distance away. The shot hit and killed Gillespie�s
mess mate. Gillespie said that in the battle of Seven Pines, the slain soldier
had shot, in cold blood, a Yankee who had surrendered. Gillespie said it
was no accident and , �I always felt that the stray bullet, apparently from
out of space, was a judgment sent upon my friend.�
Gillespie was at Appomattox when Lee surrendered. The date was April 9, 1865,
four years to the day from his enlistment.
Company E marched to Danville where Gillespie and Dr. Joe Miller, also of
Ebenezer, climbed on top a freight car and rode to Charlotte. Relatives gave
them a good dinner but their condition was such they declined to sleep in
the offered beds and instead slept under a chinquapin bush on the outskirts
of town. The next day they walked to Rock Hill.
In 1938 when Rev. Oliver Johnson, an A.R.P. minister, was asked how public
opinion differed from that of 50 years before he replied that he saw the
greatest change in the people�s attitude about public health. The S. C.
legislature had just appropriated what was considered a large sum of money
to establish the State Board of Health and money for county boards of health.
In 1888 there had been no board of health, towns did not have sewerage systems
nor did they have a county medical officer. �It was regarded as an invasion
of personal rights to even require vaccination of the children.� In 1938
county nurses came to the schools to vaccinate children against smallpox
and typhoid fever. That would not have happened 50 years before.
Reverend Johnson continued, �Individual privies were generally constructed
behind merchants� stores in town, and hog pens were within the town limit.�
From 1894 to 1908 the minister served Neely�s Creek ARP church near Rock
Hill. It was during that time period that Dr. Gill Wylie (for whom Lake Wylie
is named) regularly visited Rock Hill and lectured the town fathers severely
for their failure to develop a water system for the whole town. Dr. Wylie
maintained that the open wells were the town�s main source of diphtheria
and typhoid fever.
Reverend Johnson recalled that �grocery stores were unsavory places. The
vendor had no regard for screens over meats, molasses and other food stuffs.
Flies hummed over and lit on these commodities, but today, by a change of
public opinion, rules of boards of health have been enacted, regulating the
conduct of these places.�
Although Johnson�s father supported his family by farming, they had lived
in the small college town of Due West. The attraction for living in town
was that the Johnson children would be able to attend a primary school operated
by Erskine College.
In 1871 a 28-year-old Civil War veteran, Dr. William Moffatt Grier was elected
president of Erskine. He was vigorous and considered a great teacher of
�mental and moral science.� Johnson recalled Dr. Grier as �gentle, firm,
considerate, and just,� all characteristics that others were to see in Johnson
himself.
While at Erskine College, Johnson won medals for being the best all around
student of the preparatory school, another in oratory and, in his senior
year, a medal for the best essay.
In his youth Reverend Johnson had taught school at Lewisville in Chester
county. The school was supported by subscription by individual families.
It was not a graded school. The students ranged in age from 6 to 22. Teacher
pay was so low that in 1938 Johnson calculated that teachers were getting
100 times as much pay as had teachers 50 years before.
In 1891, Johnson left teaching to go to the Theological Seminary at Princeton,
N. J. He stayed there 3 years and obtained the degree of doctor of divinity.
In October 1894 he was installed as pastor at Neely�s Creek Associate Reformed
Presbyterian Church, just south of Rock Hill in the community of Lesslie.
During his 14-year tenure, Johnson led a drive for the building a new church.
He left Neely�s Creek in 1908 for a church in Winnsboro, where he pastored
for 37 years.
Johnson had married Tirzah Christine Elliott in 1901. The people of Winnsboro,
her home town, called her �Tiny� or �Miss Tiny.� The couple had 9 children,
5 girls and 4 boys.
Johnson remembered that a half century before the farmers could only think
of growing cotton and more cotton. �There was no diversification and no thought
was given to the conservation of the soil.� In spite of the efforts of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture and colleges like Clemson, the farmer paid
no attention. Farmers simply wore out the cotton lands and then cut down
fine hardwood forests, selling the wood to townspeople for their fireplaces
and planting more cotton between the stumps.
Johnson felt South Carolina farmers in 1938 were learning how to farm. He
felt that farmers would get more for their crops when they diversified and
the Increased income would result in improved housing.
When the interviewer asked Johnson about how young people differed over a
50-year period, Johnson said that human nature would always be basically
the same, �Youth has more freedom now than then, but it is my firm belief
that the boys and girls of today are just as good, maybe a little better,
than they were in 1880. [But] I would not exchange the comradeship of parent
and child of today for that of the parent toward the child of a half century
ago.�
These pages and information thereon are not to be reproduced in any form
for profit
Reverend Oliver Johnson
Enoch Gilmer, King's Mountain Spy
Gold Mining in York County
Contention Over the Estate of Eleanor Grier
Buster Boyd Bridge
"Beautiful Mary" of Ebenezer
Early York County Will
Early Methodism in York District
Erwin Family Research Errors
Estates' Inventories
Elias Newton Faris
Fiddles and Fiddlers
History of Flint Hill Baptist Church
The Fort in Fort Mill
Fourth of July Over Time
Counties Created in Order to Provide Courts
Asbury Coward, Soldier-Educator
Rev. William Cummins Davis
John P. Countryman---Warrant For Felony
Confederate Memorial Day
Last Confederate Cabinet Meeting Historical Marker
Records Tell A Lot About County's Confederate Soldiers
Company H, 12th SC Volunteers
17th SC Regiment Reunion--1889
Early Railroads of the Area
Catawba Indians in the Civil War
Bibliography of the Catawba
York County Men in Bloody Kansas
Blacksmithing in the 1830's
Bigger's-Mason's-Wright's Ferry
Downtown Yorkville, 1858
American Tune Book Sing
April Fool's Day
York County Aviators---Coleman, Bryant, & Springs
Squire Bailes---The Marriage Man
Kings Mountain
The Bethesda Circulating Library Society
Richard Gillespie's Civil War Experiences
Fourth of July at Bullocks Creek
James Cansler of Tirzah
Early Clockmakers of This Area
Lord Cornwallis in York County
Banks Family--Educators & Ministers
Rev. William Blackstock
Confederate Soldier's Letter
Robert Clendenin - Lawyer & Planter
Town of Clover
Ebenezer Academy
Archibald Barron
Bethesda Presbyterian Church
Beth-Shiloh Church & Rev. W.C. Davis
Fourth of July at Bullocks Creek
by Louise Pettus
James Cansler of Tirzah
by Louise Pettus
Early Clockmakers of This Area
by Louise Pettus
Lord Cornwallis in York County
by Louise Pettus
Banks Family--Educators & Ministers
by Louise Pettus
Rev. William Blackstock
by Louise Pettus
Confederate Soldier's Letter
by Louise Pettus
Robert Clendenin - Lawyer & Planter
by Louise Pettus
Town of Clover
by Louise Pettus
Ebenezer Academy
by Louise Pettus
Archibald Barron
by Louise Pettus
Bethesda Presbyterian Church
by Louise Pettus
Beth-Shiloh Church & Rev. W.C. Davis
by Louise Pettus
The Bethesda Circulating Library Society
by Louise Pettus
Kings Mountain
by Louise Pettus
Squire Bailes---The Marriage Man
by Louise Pettus
York County Aviators---Coleman, Bryant, & Springs
by Louise Pettus
April Fool's Day
by Louise Pettus
American Tune Book Sing
by Louise Pettus
AMERICAN TUNE BOOK SING by Louise Pettus
Downtown Yorkville, 1858
by Louise Pettus
Bigger's-Mason's-Wright's Ferry
by Louise Pettus
Blacksmithing in the 1830's
by Louise Pettus
York County Men in Bloody Kansas
by Louise Pettus
Bibliography of the Catawba
by Louise Pettus
Catawba Indians in the Civil War
by Louise Pettus
Early Railroads of the Area
by Louise Pettus
17th SC Regiment Reunion--1889
by Louise Pettus
Company H, 12th SC Volunteers
by Louise Pettus
Records Tell A Lot About County's Confederate
Soldiers
by Louise Pettus
Last Confederate Cabinet Meeting Historical Marker
by Louise Pettus
Confederate Memorial Day
by Louise Pettus
John P. Countryman---Warrant For Felony
by Louise Pettus
Rev. William Cummins Davis
by Louise Pettus
Asbury Coward, Soldier-Educator
by Louise Pettus
Counties Created in Order to Provide Courts
by Louise Pettus
Fourth of July Over Time
by Louise Pettus
The Fort in Fort Mill
by Louise Pettus
History of Flint Hill Baptist Church
by Louise Pettus
Fiddles and Fiddlers
by Louise Pettus
Elias Newton Faris
by Louise Pettus
Estates' Inventories
by Louise Pettus
Erwin Family Research Errors
by Louise Pettus
Early Methodism in York District
by Louise Pettus
Early York County Will
by Louise Pettus
"Beautiful Mary" of Ebenezer
by Louise Pettus
"No one so beautiful as she,
Fairest of form and face,
A queenly mien with modesty,
Crowned every other grace."
Buster Boyd Bridge
by Louise Pettus
Contention Over the Estate of Eleanor Grier
by Louise Pettus
Gold Mining in York County
by Louise Pettus
Enoch Gilmer, King's Mountain Spy
by Louise Pettus
Richard Gillespie's Civil War Experiences
by Louise Pettus
Reverend Oliver Johnson
by Louise Pettus
or distribution without the permission of Louise Pettus © Copyright
2001