H-49 SELECTED AFRICAN AMERICAN RESOURCES FOR ANDERSON, OCONEE, AND PICKENS COUNTY By: Dr. W.J. Megginson June 2006 TOWN & AREA HISTORIES: Alien, Mattie May Morgan. Central: Today and Yesterday. Taylors, S.C.: Faith Publishing Company/ 1973. Ball, Louise Matheson. Seneca: Visions of Yesterday. Seneca: Louise Matheson Ball, 2005. Dickson, Frank A. Journeys into the Past: The Anderson Region's Heritage. Anderson: privately printed, 1975. Down Home: Dacusville Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Easley: Dacus- ville Community History Project, 1995. (USC, SCL) Echoes: Reflections of the Past. Travelers Rest, S.C.: privately printed, 1985. Gauzens, Joseph. Salem, Twice a Town. Pickens: Hiott Printing Com- pany, 1993. Herd, Jr. , Elmer Don. "Early History of Belton, South Carolina: 1700-1860." (Typescript, CU) Holleman, Frances. Seneca, South Carolina Centennial 1873-1973. Greenville: Briggs & Associates, Inc., 1973. Honea Path Milestones. Honea Path: Seabury Press, Inc., 1976. Klosky, Beth Ann. The Pendleton Legacy. Columbia: Sandlapper Press, Inc-, 1971. Lynch, Alma. Echoes: Oolenoy-Pumpkintown. Easley: Pace Printing, 1980. Morris, Jane Boroughs. Pickens: The Town and the First Baptist Church. Pickens: First Baptist Church, 1991. Reece, Bert. History of Pumpkintown-Oolenoy. [Pickens?]: Miracle Hill Print Shop, 1970. Shealy, George Benet. Walhalla: A German Settlement in Upstate South Carolina, "The Garden of the Gods". Seneca: The Blue Ridge Arts Association, 1990. Sheriff, G. Anne, editor. Black History in Pickens District, South Carolina (Easley: Forest Acres Elementary School, 1991+. Liberty, South Carolina: One Hundred Years 1876-1976. Central: Faith Clayton Family Research Center, 1992. Stevenson, Mary. The Diary of Clarissa Adger Bowen, Ashtabula Planta- tion, 1865. Pendleton: Foundation for Historic Restoration in Pendleton Area, 1973. The Recollection of a Happy Childhood by Mary Esther Huger. Pendleton: Foundation for Historic Restoration in Pendleton Area, 1976 . Vandiver, Louise Ayer. Traditions and History of Anderson County: History of Anderson County. (Atlanta: Ruralist Press, 1928). Walter, Diana M. Moments in Time: Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens Counties (Pendleton: Tri-County Technical College, 2005). Woodson, Julia Jean and G. Anne Sheriff. Liberty, South Carolina: One Hundred Years 1876-1976. Central: Faith Clayton Family Research Center, 1992. A book on Westminster may be available by 2007 or 2008. PAGE 1 CU = Clemson University; CAC = Clemson Agricultural College (earlier official name); PCL = Pickens County Library; PDC = Pendleton District Commission; SCDAH = South Carolina Department of Ar- chives and History. SCL = South Caroliniana Room (USC); USC = University of South Carolina BIOGRAPHIES, AFRICAN AMERICAN: Hunter, Jane Edna. A Nickel and a Prayer. N.p.: Elli Kani Publishing Co., 1940. Minus, D. M. The Struggling Boy. Greenville: privately printed, [1923] . Pickens, William. Bursting Bonds. Boston: The Jordan & More Press, 1923 . The Vengeance of the Gods. 1922; New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1975. [Semi-biographical fiction.] Starks, J. J. Lo These Many Years: An Autobiographical Sketch. Columbia: The State Co., 1941. Tolbert, James A. Christ in Black, Or the Life and Times of Rev. James R. Rosemond. Greenville: Shannon & Co., 1902. FEDERAL CENSUS: Manuscript censuses (1790-1920), including Population, Agricul- ture, Industry, Mortality, and Slave schedules; published decennial reports (1790-1930) and indexes are available at CU (partial holdings), Anderson County Library (Anderson County only) , Greenville County Library (complete SC holdings), and South Carolina Department of Archives and History, and in National Archives microcopy publica- tions . Published AOP censuses include the following: William C. Stewart, compil., 1800 Census of Pendleton District, South Carolina (Washington: National Genealogical Society, 1963); G. Anne Sheriff and Lavina Moore, compil., Pendleton District South Carolina: 1810 Census (Central: privately printed, 1994); Anne Sheriff, Tom Wilkinson, Lavina Moore, and Jay Young, compil., Pickens District, S.C. 1830 Cen- sus (Central: Faith Clayton Family Research Center, Central Wesleyan College, 1988); and Anne Sheriff, compil., 1850 Federal Slave Census of Pickens District, South Carolina, Eastern Division: Present-day Pickens County (plus a companion volume for Oconee County) and 1860 Federal Slave Census of Pickens District, South Carolina, ,5th Regi- ment: Present-day Pickens County (Central: privately printed, 1991 and 1989). WORLD WAR I DRAFT REGISTRATION CARDS & SERVICE RECORDS: These records, including virtually all adult men, record names, birth dates and places, names of parents or spouses, occupations, height, weight, any disability, and sometimes father's birthplace. They are available at the South Carolina Department of Archives and PAGE 2 History, and in National Archives microcopy publications (two reels each for Andersen, Oconee, and Pickens counties. Brief service records for South Carolina service men appear in South Carolina Adjutant General, The Official Roster of South Carolina Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines in the World War, 1917-1918 (Columbia: The Joint Committee on Printing, General Assembly of South Carolina, 1929), 2 vol. (racially segregated), which includes next-of-kin for those who died; and The Official Roster of South Carolina Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II, 1914-46, 5 vol. (Columbia? 1972?) MARRIAGE LICENSES, DEATH CERTIFICATES & FUNERAL HOME RECORDS: The South Carolina Department of Archives and History has death certificates on microfiche for the period 1915-54; individual requests may be answered on-line. These often contain information about birth places, birth dates, and parents' names. Later death certificates are available (family members only) at the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. Funeral homes maintain burial records; the earliest in the area are those of Duckett-Robinson Funeral Home, which handled black burials until the late 1920s. Beginning in the 1920s black funeral homes have records of their burials. County court houses maintain marriage license records from the early 1900s. ARTICLES, BOOKS & DOCUMENTS WITH BLACK CONTENT: Gwendolyn Andersen's Profiles of Black Folks in Anderson County (Spartanburg: The Reprint Company, 1993) contains family accounts that trace some ancestors back to the early 1800s. Hurley Badders, Anderson County, A Pictorial History (Norfolk: Donning Co., 1983), deals mostly with the 1900s. Bruce Baker, "The 'Hoover Scare' in South Carolina, 1887: An Attempt To Organize Black Farm Labor," Labor History, 40 (1999), 261-82; and "Lynch Law Reversed: The Rape of Lula Sherman, the Lynching of Manse Waldrop, and the Debate over Lynching in the 1880s" in a forthcoming volume (Routledge) ed. by William D. Carrigan. The Papers of John C. Calhoun (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press; various editors). Floride Clemson, A Rebel Came Home: The Diary and Letters of Floride Clemson, 1863-66 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1961), edited by E. M. Lander John M. Coggeshall, Carolina Piedmont Country (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1996). David Golightly Harris, Piedmont Farmer: The Journals of David Goliqhtly Harris, 1855-1870 (Knoxville: The University of Ten- nessee Press, 1990); edited by Philip N. Racine. [Spartanburg County] Thomas B. Keys, The Army and Crawford Keys: Aftermath of the Brown's Ferry Outrage (privately published, 1974). PAGE 3 The Life and Times of Ella Lorton, A Pendleton SC Confederate (Clemson: Clemson Printers, 1996), edited by Ernest McPherson Lander, Jr. The Legacy of Black Pioneers ([Anderson]: privately printed). (Black businesses in Anderson, c 1900-1980; available at ACL). Willie Thompson McLaughlin, "A Collection of My Childhood Memories" (typescript prepared for a 1985 reunion, SCL). (A black woman from Pendleton). W.J. Megginson, African American Life in South Carolina's Upper Pied- mont, 1780-1900 (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 2006), explores the area for its white and black settlement, through slavery, emancipation, Reconstruction, and late-19th century in- tensified racism; it deals with both black experiences and white-black interactions. Available at Pendleton District Com- mission, Barnes and Noble stores, several independent bookstores, the University of South Carolina Press, and some local libraries. A Faithful Heart: The Journals of Emmala Reed, 1865 and 1866 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), edited by Robert T. Oliver. Pat Pritchard, ed. , "If These Stones Could Talk," The Rediscovery of the Old Maxwell Cemetery ([Westminster, S.C.]: Fair Play Camp School, Inc., 1997) , a report on the cemetery project and rededication with an introduction by Megginson "Far, Far from Home": The Wartime Letters of Dick and Tally Simpson Third South Carolina Volunteers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 129-30; edited by Edward W. Simpson and Guy R. Everson. Bvenitta J. Williams, African-American Cemeteries, Anderson County, South Carolina (Mansfield, Ohio: Family History Services, 1997). Souvenir booklets include, among others. Rocky River Baptist Associa- tion, 100 Years (1968); Seneca River Missionary Baptist Associa- tion, Centennial Yearbook, 1878-1978, and The Centennial Celebra- tion of the Sunday School and B.T.U. Convention (1986) ; Obser- vance of the Griffin Ebenezer Baptist Church, 1979; Oolenoy River Education and Missionary Baptist Association of Pickens County, South Carolina, Centennial Celebration (1982); History of Abel Baptist Church, 1868 to April 11, 1985, and Goldenview Baptist, Mortgage Burning- Service (1981); photocopies of some of these are at SCL and PDC from author's originals. Von Hasseln's Map of Anderson County, South Carolina (1897) has city inserts; see also Pegg, General Descriptive Map of Anderson, S.C. (1877). Both list numerous rural residents and churches. Addi- tionally there are maps in town histories, later Sanborn maps (especially for Anderson city) , and a 1915 property map of Calhoun. Among a few deposited black family histories and genealogies are the following by Josephine Sherard Davis: "Origin and History of the Black Sherards in South Carolina" (typescript in Anderson County Library) and "Facts from the Family Tree of the Thompsons of Pendleton South Carolina," July 1977 (SCL); "The Thompson Family Reunion, Pendleton, S.C., July 1-14 1985" (compiler not stated; PAGE 4 SCL), and Samuel Lorenzo Malone, The Sizemore Family Tree: One Man's Search for His Roots (N.p.: privately printed, 1980; at PCL) . The PDC, Faith Clayton Room at Southern Wesleyan University (Central), and Anderson County Library have numerous donated family files, not always authenticated. Various materials appear also in "Local newsletters," p. 6 (below). Business and city directories--beginning with Smith's South Carolina Business Directory, 1876-77, (Charleston: Lucas & Richardson, 1876) through Walsh's Directory of the City and County of Ander- son, S. C. For 1905-06 (Charleston: The Walsh Directory Company, 1905)--include numerous AOP black businesses and, for 1905, Andersen's residents. CHURCH RECORDS: The South Caroliniana Library (USC) has minutes (on microfilm) of the black Methodist Episcopal Church, some AME conference minutes, and copies (on microfilm) of the AME Christian Recorder. Microfilm copies of the Rocky River Baptist Association may be purchased on microfilm. The WPA Inventory of Church Records in the late 1930s included most Anderson County white and black churches, but omitted Oconee and Pickens (PDC) . Edwin H. Vedder, Records of St. Paul's Episcopal Church of Pendleton, South Carolina (Greenville: A. Press, 1982) ; Richard Newman Brackett, The Old Stone Church, Oconee County South Carolina (1905; [Clemson?]: The Old Stone Church and Cemetery Commission, 1972); Visions and Victories: The Bi-centennial History of Big Creek Baptist Church, Williamston, South Carolina, Organized 1788: The Church Chronicles, 1788-1988 (N.p.: n.p., 1989), com- piled by Franklin Albert Spearman; and John A. Middleton, Pre- 1900 Statistical Table of S.C. Black Baptist Churches (Columbia: author, 1992). See also "Antebellum Records," below. MANUSCRIPTS, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY: Dr. William Jenkins Day Book Dr. William Robinson Papers E.B. Benson & Sons Daybook, 1859 Hunter's Store Records John C. Calhoun Papers "Overseer's Day Book of a Small Plantation, 1822-1917" [Abbeville County] Pendleton Farmers' Society Records PAGE 5 "Pendleton Sunday School Society, Records, 1819-1824" (WPA typescript) Ralph Beaumont Leonard, "The Graveyard of the Keowee Plantation" T. J. Pickens Papers (Dr. Thomas J.) William Hayne Mills Collection MANUSCRIPTS, SOUTH CAROLINA LIBRARY, USC: Edgar Wallace Biggs Papers John Caldwell Calhoun Papers John Ewing Colhoun [Jr.] (1791-1847) Papers John Ewing Coihoun [Sr.] Papers Louisa Rebecca Hayne McCord, "Recollections" Sitton Papers Newspapers (1800s) AME Christian Recorder. Anderson Gazette. Anderson Intelligencer. Greenville News. Pendleton Messenger. People's Journal. Pickens Sentinel. Walhalla Keowee Courier. NEWSPAPER REFERENCES: Several compilations in recent years of newspaper items include much local information, including African Americans. These include Anne Sheriff's "Pendleton Messenger Abstracts," printed in newsletters of the Old Pendleton District chapter of the South Carolina Genealogi- cal Society. Peggy Burton Rich and Marion Whitehurst have published several volumes of extracts of Pickens newspapers: The People's Jour- nal, Pickens, S. C., 1894-1903: Historical and Genealogical Abstracts. (Baltimore: Heritage Books, Inc., 1991; and The Pickens Sentinel, 1872-1893 (Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1994), 2 vol. Similarly, James E.- Harper's The Anderson Intelligencer . Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Genealogical Miscellaney, 3 vol . (1882-1890, 1891-1895, and 1896-1900) includes white and black references. Rich's and Harper's compilations are indexed. LOCAL NEWSLETTERS: Newsletters of the Old Pendleton District chapter of the South Carolina Genealogical Society, the Pendleton Foundation for Black His- tory and Culture, and the Pendleton Historic Foundation (formerly the Foundation for Historic Restoration in the Pendleton Area) contain miscellaneous, often helpful, but not indexed, information. PAGE 6 ANTEBELLUM RECORDS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS: Slave owners' estate files often included inventories of slaves, sometimes with ages and family relationships; available at Pickens Court House for Pickens and Oconee, and at SCDAH for Anderson (before 1878; microfilm at Anderson County Library) or Anderson Court House (1878+). Magistrates and Freeholders trial records (SCDAH) listed names of hundreds of slaves and free people of color who were defen- dants or witnesses, as well as a summary of their testimony. Names of slaves and free people of color who were members often appeared in church minutes; see Megginson, African American Life, for a list of minutes available. Names also sometimes appeared in newspapers (see above), but these newspapers are mostly not indexed. John C. Calhoun (Fort Hill) and his family, John E. Colhoun, Jr., and his family (Keowee), and John D. Ashmore mentioned slaves in their correspondence and diaries. (See Megginson, African American Life, for citations.) PAGE 7 SELECTED THESES ON ANDERSON, OCONEE, AND PICKENS HISTORY: Theses available at Clemson University (Special Collections, unless otherwise noted); CU = Clemson University; CAC = Clemson Agricul- tural College (earlier official name) Bauknight, L. M. "The Farm Tax Situation in the Six Mile Area of Pickens County, South Carolina, 1940 and 1948. " M.S. thesis, CAC, 1949. Boggs, H. B. "A Brief History of the Calhoun-Clemson High School." Senior thesis, CAC, 1934; in H. B. Boggs papers, 1934 (Mss 21) . Burdette, Robert McPherson. "The Class of 1929 of Clemson Agricul- tural College." M.A. thesis, CU, 1974. Corley, Susan Sumerau. "Frontier Justice: A Study of Regionalism in South Carolina." M.A. thesis, CU, 2001. Dyches, Allison Cannon. "Establishment of a Historic District: Old Calhoun, Clemson, South Carolina." MCRP thesis, CU, 1991. Ellen, John Calhoun. "Political Newspapers of the Piedmont Carolinas in the 1850s." Thesis, USC, 1958. [at CU Cooper Library] Everson, Guy R. "'Far, Far from Home'": The Wartime Letters of Dick and Tally Simpson, 3rd South Carolina Volunteers." M.A. thesis, CU, 1994; published with Edward W. Simpson under same title, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Friend, Craig Thompson. "Frontier and Plantation, Pendleton, South Carolina, 1780-1830." M.A. thesis, CU, 1990. Grubbs, Max Wilton. "A History of the Social, Economic, and Political Development of Belton, South Carolina." M.S. thesis, Clemson Col- lege, 1960. Hale, Rebecca McKinney. "Clemson Agricultural College, Years of Tran- sition, 1925-1929." M.A. thesis, CU, 1984. Harris, Carmen V. "Blacks in Agricultural Extension in South Carolina." M.A. thesis, CU, 1990. Holleman, Sarah Edna. "Contributions of Benjamin Ryan Tillman to Higher Education for White Men of South Carolina from 1885 to 1895." M.S. thesis, CAC, 1952. Huff, Archie Vernon, Jr. "Family Life of Pendleton" [1830s]. Thesis, DU, 1968. [at CU, Mss 0179] Lawton, Joseph J. " Benjamin Ryan Tillman and Agricultural Education: The 'Farmers' College' in South Carolina Politics (1885-1889)." A.B. thesis, Princeton University, 1954. [at CU] Leemhuis, Roger P. "James L. Orr, the Civil War and Reconstruction Years." Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1970. [in CU Cooper Library] Mitchell, Theodore Fuller. "John Belton O'Neall, Criminal Law, and Slavery in Antebellum South Carolina." M.A. thesis, CU, 1992. [also at CU Cooper Library] Patrick, Lois Virginia Watkins. "An Investigation into the Community Resources of the Calhoun-Clemson School." M.S. thesis, CAC, 1950. [also at CU Cooper Library] Pritchard, Patrick Calvin. "When History Speaks, Can the Heart Lis- ten: Affective Responses of Emotionally Disturbed Adolescent PAGE 8 Males to a Local History Project." Ph.D. diss., Clemson Univer- sity, 1998. Redekop, David. "The Lynching of Willie Earle." M.A. thesis, Clemson University, 1987. [also at CU Cooper Library] Russell, Nancy Ann. "Legacy of a Southern Lady: Anna Calhoun Clem- son, 1817-1875." Ph.D. thesis, USC, 2003. [at CU] Russo, Kenneth John. "The Factory and its Environs: Architecture and Pattern of Mill Villages in the Piedmont Area of South Carolina." M.Arch, CU, 1965. [also at CU Cooper Library] Terry, Michelle Marchi. "Planter, Politician, Carolinian: The Let- ters of Richard Franklin Simpson, 1839-1860. " M.A. thesis, CU, 2003 . Wise, Larry Anthony, Jr. "Frontier Leadership and Transition: Ben- jamin Cleveland and the North and South Carolina Backcountry, 1777-1806." M.A. thesis, Wake Forest University, 1993. [at CU] THESES AVAILABLE AT FURMAN UNIVERSITY: Durham, Joe C. "The Drop-Outs in Liberty High School, 1948-1953. " M.S. thesis, Furman, 1954. Hendricks, Betty. "History and Present Status of the Negro Schools of Pickens County, South Carolina." M.A. thesis, Furman University, 1949 . Hendricks, Katie. "A Survey of the Geographic, Economic and Social Aspects of Elementary Schools Contributing to the Pickens High School District." M.S. thesis, Furman, 1947. Hunt, Warren Avery. "A History of the Schools and Colleges of Ander- son, South Carolina." M.S. thesis, Furman, 1939. LeFevre, Christine (Jones). "A Survey of Handicapped Children in Pickens County, South Carolina." M.S. thesis, Furman, 1954. Reeves, John S. "A Recreational Program for Belton High School Students." M.S. thesis, Furman, 1945. Thompson, Sally Rheta. "A Study of the Reading Progress of Thirty Pupils in West End Elementary School of Easley, South Carolina." M.S., Furman, 1953. Tiedman, Robert Samuel. "School District Reorganization in Oconee County, South Carolina." M.S. thesis, Furman, 1931. Tolbert, Emmie Marguerite. "A Survey of Negro Elementary Schools of Oconee County." M.S. thesis, Furman, 1940. (Furman also has extensive reports of Masters of Education projects.) THESES AVAILABLE AT UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA: (South Caroliniana Library, unless otherwise noted. Note: most of these must be ordered in advance; see also Ellen and Russell above) Applewhite, Joseph Davis. "Some Aspects of Rural Society in South Carolina in 1850." Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1949 [at USC] . Buseman, Michael Joseph. One Trade, Two Worlds: Politics, Conflicts, and the Illicit Liquor Trade in White County, Georgia and Pickens County, South Carolina, 1884-1894." M.A. thesis. University of Georgia, 2002. PAGE 9 Chartock, Lewis C. "A History and Analysis of Labor Contracts Ad- ministered by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in Edgefield, Abbeville and Anderson Counties in South Carolina, 1865-1868." Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr College, 1973 [at USC] . Edmonds, Mary W. "The Historical Background of Oconee Station State Park." M.A. thesis, USC, 1987. Elrod, Henry Johnson. "Educational Development of Oconee County, South Carolina," M.A. thesis, USC, 1934. Ferguson, Clyde R. "General Andrew Pickens." Ph.D. diss., Duke Univer- sity, 1960 [at USC] Gunter, Julius Edison. "A Survey of School Indebtedness in Oconee County." M.A. thesis, USC, 1934. Henderson, William Cinque. "Spartan Slaves: A Documentary Account of Blacks on Trial in Spartanburg, South Carolina, 1830 to 1865." Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1978 [at USC] Holleman, Frances. "The Development of Education in Oconee County." M.A. thesis, USC, 1946. Lenhardt, Lawrence Edwin. "The Social-Economic-Composition of the Boards of Trustees of Anderson County, South Carolina." M.A. thesis, USC, 1931. Mullins, Jack Simpson. "Lynching in South Carolina, 1900-1914." M.A. thesis, USC, 1961. Roper, Donna. "To Promote and Improve Agriculture: A Study of Four Antebellum South Carolina Farmers' Societies." M.A. thesis, USC, 1989. Van Clayton, Frederick. "The Settlement of Pendleton District 1777- 1800." M.A. thesis, USC, 1930. Woodson Marshall Scott. "An Economic Survey of Oconee County." M.A. thesis, USC, 1934. OTHER THESES: (available at their home universities and often by microfilm) Mathis, Joseph D. "Race Relations in Greenville, South Carolina, From 1865 through 1900, As Seen in a Critical Analysis of the Green- ville City Council Proceedings and Other Related Works." M.A. Lhesis, Atlanta University, 1971. West, Stephen. "From Yeoman to Redneck in Upstate South Carolina, 1850-1915." Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1998 (forthcoming in book form). Wilson, Kim. Forthcoming Ph.D. dissertation for University of Texas on politics and religion in antebellum Anderson County.