NORTH CAROLINA 

Bear River Indians.-  A body of Indians mentioned by Lawson and 
associated with Algonquian tribes. They may have been a part of the 
Machapunga (q. v.). Rights (1947) calls them the Bear River or Bay 
River Indians. Lawson (1709) gives the name of their town as Raudauqua-quank 
and estimates the number of their fighting men at 50. Mooney (1928) 
places them with the Pamlico in his estimate as of the year 1600 and 
gives the two a population of 1,000. (See also California for another 
tribe of the same name.)

Cape Fear Indians. - Named from Cape Fear, their native designation 
being unknown or indeed whether they were an independent tribe or 
a part of some other.

Cape Fear Indians. Connections.- No words of the language of the 
Cape Fear Indians have been preserved, but early references clearly 
associate them with the eastern Siouan tribes, and they may have been 
a part of the Waccamaw, since Waccamaw River heads close to Cape Fear. 
They would then have been connected with the Siouan linguistic family 
and probably with the southern Atlantic division of which Catawba 
is the typical member.

Cape Fear Indians. Location.- On Cape Fear River, as above stated. 
(See also South Carolina.)

Cape Fear Indians.  Villages. - The only village mentioned by name 
is Necoes, about 20 miles from the mouth of Cape Fear River, probably 
in Brunswick County. In 1715 five villages were reported.

Cape Fear Indians. History.- While the Cape Fear Indians were probably 
met by several of the early voyagers, our first specific notice of 
them comes from the narratives of a New England colony planted on 
Cape Fear River in 1661. These settlers seized some of the Indian 
children and sent them away under pretense of instructing them in 
the ways of civilization and were themselves in consequence driven 
off. In 1663 a colony from Barbados settled here but soon left. In 
1665 a third colony established itself at the mouth of Oldtown Creek 
in Brunswick County, on the south side of the river, on land bought 
from the Indians, but, though the latter were friendly, like the others 
this attempt at settlement was soon abandoned. They were visited by 
Capt. William Hilton in
1663. In 1695 they asked to be taken under the protection of Governor 
Archdale. The protection was granted and shortly afterward they rescued 
52 passengers from a wrecked New England vessel who formed the nucleus 
of Christ Church Parish north of Cooper River. A few Cape Fear Indians 
accompanied Barnwell on his Tuscarora expedition in 1711-12. They 
were active in his behalf as scouts and also guarded the region around 
Port Royal. After the Yamasee War they were removed to South Carolina 
and settled inland from Charleston, probably in Williamsburg County 
(Milling, 1940). In the latter part of the eighteenth century, a remnant 
of this tribe and the Pedee lived in the Parishes of St. Stephens 
and St. Johns under a chief called King John. By 1808 only a half-breed 
woman remained of these two tribes, though others may have removed 
to the Catawba.

Cape Fear Indians. Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates a population 
of 1,000 Cape Fear Indians in 1600. The census of 1715, above mentioned, 
gives 206. In 1808 White neighbors remembered when as many as 30 Pedee 
and Cape Fear Indians lived in their old territories.

Catawba tribe. - This tribe occupied parts of southwestern North 
Carolina near Catawba River. (See Catawab, South Carolina.)

Ckeraw tribe. - Significance unknown. Also called: Ani'-Suwa'li, 
Cherokee name; Saraw, Suali, synonyms even more common than Cheraw; 
Xuala, Xualla, Spanish and Portuguese forms of the word,
the x being intended for sh.

Ckeraw Connections.- The Cheraw are classed on circumstantial grounds 
in the Siouan linguistic family though no words of their tongue have 
been preserved.

Ckeraw Location.- The earliest known location of the Cheraw appears 
to have been near the head of Saluda River in Pickons and Oconee Counties, 
S. C., whence they removed at an early date to the present Henderson, 
Polk, and Rutherford Counties.

Ckeraw  Villages. - The names given are always those of the tribe, 
though we have a "Lower Saura Town" and an "Upper Saura Town" on a 
map dating from 1760.

Ckeraw History.- Mooney (1928) has shown that the Cheraw are identical 
with the Xuala province which De Soto entered in 1540, remaining about 
4 days. They were visited by Pardo at a later date, and almost a hundred 
years afterward Lederer (1912) heard of them in the same region. Before 
1700 they left their old country and moved to the Dan River near the 
southern line of Virginia, where they seem to have had no distinct 
settlements about 30 miles apart. About the year 1710, on account 
of constant Iroquois attacks, they moved southeast and joined the 
Keyauwee. The colonists of North Carolina, being dissatisfied at the 
proximity of these and other tribes, Governor Eden declared war against 
the Cheraw, and applied to Virginia for assistance. This Governor 
Spotswood refused, as he believed the Carolinians were the aggressors, 
but the contest was prosecuted by the latter until after the Yamasee 
War. During this period complaint was made that the Cheraw were responsible 
for most of the deprodations committed north of Santee River and they 
were accused of trying  to draw the coast tribes into an alliance 
with them. It was asserted also that arms were being supplied them 
from Virginia.

The Cheraw were then living upon the upper course of the Great Pee 
Dee, near the line between the two colonies and in the later Cheraw 
district of South Carolina. Being still subject to attack by the Iroquois, 
they finally- between 1726 and 1739- became incorporated with the 
Catawba, with whom at an earlier date they had been at enmity. In 
1759 a party joined the English in their expedition against Fort Duquesne, 
but the last notice of them is in 1768 when the remnant was still 
living with the Catawba.

Ckeraw Population.- During the Spanish period the Cheraw appear 
to have been of considerable importance but no estimate of their numbers 
has come down to us. Mooney (1928) gives 1,200 as a probable figure 
for the year 1600. The census of 1715 gives 140 men and a total of 
510, probably including the Keyauwee and perhaps some other tribes. 
In 1768 the survivors numbered 50 to 60.

Ckeraw Connection in which they have become noted.- The Cheran are 
famous as one of the few tribes in the Carolinas mentioned by De Soto's 
chroniclers which can be identified and located with fair precision. 
They were noted later for their persistent hostility to the English 
and have left their name in Suwali Gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains, 
N. C.; in Saura Town Mountains, Stokes County, N. C.; in the town 
of Cheraw, Chesterfield County, S. C.; and possibly in the Uwaharrie 
River and Uwaharrie Mountains of North Carolina. There is a locality 
named Cheraw in Otero County, Colo.

Cherokee tribe. -  The Cherokee lived in the mountainous parts of 
the State in the west North Carolina mountains. (See Tennessee.)

Chowanoc tribe. -  Meaning in Algonquian "(people) at the south."

Chowanoc Connections.- The Chowanoc belonged to the Algonquian linguistic 
family and were evidently most nearly allied to the other North Carolina 
Algonquians.

Chowanoc Location.- On Chowan River about the junction of Meherrin 
and Blackwater Rivers.

Chowanoc Villages: 
Maraton, on the east bank of Chowan River in Chowan County.
Ohnnoak, on the west side of Chowan River not far below Nottoway River 
probably in Hertford County.
Catoking, (probably) near Gateville, in Gates County.
Metocaum, on Chowan River in the present Bertie County.
Ramushonok, apparently between the Mehemn and Nottoway Rivers in Hertford 
County.

Chowanoc History.- In 1584-85, when first known to Europeans, the 
Chowanoc were the leading tribe in northeastern North Carolina. In 
1663 they entered into a treaty with the English by which they submitted 
to the English Crown, but they violated this in 1675 and after a year 
of warfare were compelled to confine themselves to a reservation on 
Bennett's Creek which became reduced by 1707 from 12 square miles 
to 6. They sided with the colonists in the Tuscarora War, and at about 
the same time were visited by a Church of England missionary, Giles 
Rainsford. In 1723 a  reservation of 53,000 acres was set aside for 
them conjointly with the Tuscarora and in 1733 they were given permission 
to incorporate with that tribe. They continued to decline in numbers 
until in 1755 Governor Dobbs stated that only 2 men and 3 women were 
left.

Chowanoc Population.- In 1584-85 one of the Chowanoc towns, Ohanoak, 
was said to contain 700 warriors, and Mooney (1928) estimates their 
numbers at about 1,500 in 1,600. In 1707 they were reduced to one 
town with about 15 fighting men, but at the end of the Tuscarora War 
their numbers were placed at 240. In 1731 less than 20 families were 
reported and by 1755 only 5 individuals, as above noted.

Chowanoc Connection in which they have become noted.- The Chowanoc 
seem to have been the most powerful Algonquian tribe south of the 
Powhatan. Their memory is preserved in the names of Chowan River and 
Chowan County, and in the designation of a small post office in the 
county of the name, all in North Carolina.

Coree, or Coranine tribe. - Meaning unknown.

Coree, or Coranine Connections.- As the final stage of the Coree 
existence was passed with an Algonquian tribe, some have thought that 
the affiliations of this people were also Algonquian. On the other 
hand Lawson (1960) notes that their language and that of a tribe to 
the north were mutually intelligible and there is reason for thinking 
that this northern tribe belonged to the Iroquois Confederacy. At 
least the Coree were closely associated in many ways with the Iroquoian 
Tuscarora.

Coree, or Coranine Location.- On the peninsula south of Neuse River 
in Carteret and Craven Counties.

Coree, or Coranine  Villages: Coranine, probably on the coast in 
Carteret County. Narhantes, among the Tuscarora, 30 miles from Newbern. 
Raruta, probably on the coast of Carteret County, south of Neuse River.

Coree, or Coranine History. - When the Coree and the Whites first 
met is unknown, but they appear in the records of the Raleigh colony 
under the name Cwarennoc. They were greatly reduced before 1696 in 
a war with another people. They took part with the Tuscarora in their 
war against the colonists, and in 1715 the remnant of them and what 
was left of the Machapunga were assigned a reservation on Mattamuskeet 
Lake in Hyde County, where they occupied one village, probably until 
they became extinct. A few of them appear to have remained with the 
Tuscarora.

Coree, or Coranine Population.- The population of this tribe and 
the Neusiok was estimated by Mooney (1928) at 1,000 in 1600. In 1707 
Lawson says they had 25 fighting men and were living in 2 villages 
No later enumeration is known.

Coree, or Coranine Connection in which they have become noted.- 
Although some distance from the Coree country, Core Greek Stalion 
in Craven County, N. C., may perpetuate the name of the Coree.

Eno tribe. - Significance unknown, but Speck suggests i'nare, "to 
dislike," whence, "mean," "contemptible"; yeni'nare, "People disliked," 
 Haynokes, synonym from Yardley (1654).

Eno Connections.- The Eno were probably of the Siouan linguistic 
stock, though, on account of certain peculiarities attributed to them, 
Mooney (1895) casts some doubt upon this. Their nearest relatives 
were the Shakori.

Eno Location.- On Eno River in the present Orange and Durham Counties 
of North Carolina. (See also South Carolina.)

Eno Villages. - The only village name recorded, distinct from that 
of the tribe, is Adshusheer, a town which they shared with the Shakori. 
It is located by Mooney (1928) near the present Hillsboro. Lawson 
(1860) speaks in one place as if it were a the but as there is no 
other mention of it, it is more likely that it was simply the name 
of the town which the Eno and Shakori occupied.

Eno History.- The Eno are first mentioned by Governor Yeardley of 
Virginia, who was told that they had valiantly resisted the northward 
advance of the Spaniards. From this it appears possible that they 
had formerly lived upon the Enoree River in South Carolina, which 
lay on the main trail from St. Helena to the Cheraw country at the 
foot of the Appalachian Mountains. Lederer (1912) mentions them in 
1671 and Lawson (1860) in 1701 when they and the Shakori were in the 
town of Adshusheer. About 1714, together with the Shakori, Tutelo, 
Saponi, Occaneechi, and Keyauwee, they began to move toward the Virginia 
settlements. In 1716 Governor Spotswood of Virginia proposed to settle 
the Eno, Cheraw, and Keyuawee at Eno town "on the very frontiers" 
of North Carolina but the project was defeated by the latter province 
on the ground that all three tribes were then at war with South Carolina. 
From the records it is not clear whether this Eno town was the old 
settlement or a new one nearer the Albemarle colonists. Owing to the 
defeat of this plan, the Eno moved into South Carolina. Presumably 
they finally united with the Catawba, among whom, Adair (1930) states, 
their dialect was still spoken in 1743.

Eno Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates the combined Eno, Shakori, 
and Adshusheer at 1,500 in 1,600. In 1714 the Eno, Shnkori, Tutelo, 
Snponi. Occaneechi, and Keyauwee totaled 750. There is no other record 
of their numbers.

Eno Connection in which they have become noted.- In marked distinction 
from their neighbors, the Eno had taken to A trading life. Their name 
was given to Eno River in Orange and Durham Counties, N. C., and perhaps 
to a place called Enno in the southwestern part of Wake County, and 
to Enoree River in South Carolina (see above), as also to a post village 
near the last mentioned.

Hatteras tribe. - Meaning unknown.

Hatteras Connections.- The Hatteras belonged to the Algonquian linguistic 
family.

Hatteras Location.- Among the sandbanks about Cape Hatteras east 
of Pamlico Sound and frequenting Roanoke Island.

Hatteras Village. - Sandbanks, on Hatteras Island.

Hatteras History.- Lawson (1860) thought the Hatteras showed traces 
of White blood and therefore they may have been the Croatan Indians 
with whom Raleigh's colonists are supposed to have taken refuge. They 
disappeared soon after as a distinct tribe and united with the mainland 
Algonquians. In 1761, the Rev. Alex. Stewart baptized 7 Indians and 
mixed-blood children of the "Attamuskeet, Hatteras, and Roanoke" tribes 
and 2 years later he baptized 21 more.

Hatteras Population.- The Hatteras population has been estimated 
with the Machapunga and other tribes at 1,200 in 1600; they had 16 
warriors in 1701, or a total population of about 80.

Hatteras Connection in which they have become noted.- The possible 
connection of the Hatteras with the Croatan has been mentioned and 
their name has become perpetuated in the dangerous cape at the angle 
of the outer sand islands of their old country.

Keyauwee tribe. - Meaning unknown.

Keyauwee Connection.- From the historical affiliations of Keyauwee, 
they are presumed to have been of the Siouan linguistic family.

Keyauwee Location.- About the points of meeting of the present Guilford 
Davidson, and Randolph Counties North Carolina. (See also South Carolina.)

Keyauwee Villages. - No separately named villages are known.

Keyauwee History.- The Keyauwee do not appear to have been noted 
by white men before 1701 when Lawson (1860) found them in a palisaded 
village about 30 miles northeast of Yadkin River near the present 
Highpoint, Guilford County. At that time they were preparing to join 
the Saponi and Tutelo for better protection against their enemies, 
and, shortly afterward, together with the last mentioned tribes, the 
Occaneechi, and the Shakori, they moved toward the settlements about 
Albemarle Sound. As mentioned already, Governor Spots-wood's project 
to settle this tribe together with the Eno and Cheraw at Enotown on 
the frontier of North Carolina was foiled by the opposition of the 
latter colony. The Keyauwee then moved southward to the Pee Dee along 
with the Cheraw, and perhaps the Eno and Shakori. In the Jefferys 
atlas of 1761 their town appears close to the boundary line between 
the two Carolinas.

The Keyauwee do not reappear in any of the historical records but 
probably united ultimately in part with the Catawba, while some of 
their descendants are represented among the Robeson County Indians, 
often miscalled Croatan.

Keyauwee Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates 500 Keyauwee in 1600. 
In 1701 they are said to have numbered approximately as many as the 
Saponi, but the population of that tribe also is unknown. Shortly 
afterward it is stated that the Keyauwee, Tutelo, Saponi, Occaneechi, 
and Shakori totaled 750 souls. This is all the information that we 
have.

Machapunga tribe. - Said to mean "bad dust," or "much dirt," in 
the native Algonquian language.

Machapunga Connections.- The Machapunga belonged to the Algonquian 
linguistic stock.

Machapunga Loction.- In the present Hyde County and probably also 
in Washington, Tyrrell, and Dare Counties, and part of Beaufort, North 
Carolina.

Machapunga Villages. - The only village named is Mattamuskeet (probably 
on Mattamuskeet Lake in Hyde County). However, we should probably 
add Secotan on the north bank of Pamlico River in Beaufort County, 
and perhaps the town of the Bear River Indians (q. v.).

Machapunga History.- The Machapunga seem to have embraced the larger 
part of the descendants of the Seeotan, who lived between Abemarle 
and Pamlico Sounds when the Raleigh colony was established on Roanoke 
Island (1585-86) though the Pamlico may also have been included under 
the same head. They were reduced to a single village by 1701, took 
part with other Indian tribes of the region in the Tuscarora War, 
and at its close were settled on Mattamuskeet Lake with the Coree. 
In 1761 a small number were still living in North Carolina, evidently 
at the same place, and the Rev. Alex. Stewart reported that he had 
baptized seven Indian and mixed-blood children belonging to the 
"Attamuskeet, Hatteras, and Roanoke." On a second visit 2 years 
later he baptized 21 more.

Machapunga Population.- The Machapunga are estimated by Mooney (1928) 
to have numbered 1,200, including some smaller tribes, in 1600. In 
1701 Lawson gives 30 warriors, probably less than 100 souls (Lawson, 
1860). In 1775 there were said to be 8 to 10 on the mainland and as 
many more on the off-shore banks. In 1761 the number of warriors was 
only 7 or 8. The Bear River Indians (q. v.) may have combined with 
these. 

Machapunga Connection in, which they have become noted.- In the 
form Maehipongo, the name is applied to a post village in Northampton 
County, Va.

Meherrin tribe. -  This tribe extended across from Virginia into 
Northampton and Hertford Counties. (See Virginia.)

Moratok tribe. - A place name, but the meaning otherwise unknown.

Moratok Connections.- There is little doubt that the Moratok belonged 
to the Algonquian linguistic stock and were closely related to the 
other Algonquian tribes of the sound region of North Carolina.

Moratok Location.- On Roanoke River and apparently on the north 
side, and estimated to be 160 miles up the river, though the distance 
is evidently reckoned from the Raleigh settlement on Roanoke Island.

Moratok Villages. - The village bearing the name of the tribe is 
the only one known.

Moratok History.- The sole mention of the Moratok is in the narratives 
of the Raleigh expeditions. They were first recognized as an independent 
tribe by Mr. Maurice Mook (1943 a).

Moratok Population.- Unknown but reported as large.

Natchez tribe. - Part of the Natchez Indians sought refuge with 
the Cherokee after their tribe had been broken up by the French, and 
most of them appear to have lived along Hiwassee River. They accompanied 
those Cherokee who moved to Oklahoma and settled on the western margin 
of the Cherokee Reservation, where a few of them retained their language 
long enough to have it recorded. (See Mississippi.)

Neusiok tribe. - Probably a place name.

Neusiok Connections.- The form of this name suggests that the Neusiok 
were of the Algonquian stock, but they may have been Iroquoian like 
their neighbors the Tuscarora and Coree (?).

Neusiok Location. - On lower Neuse River particularly on the south 
side, in Craven and Cartaret Counties, North Carolina.

Neusiok  Villages. - Chattooka, on the site of Newbern, and Rouconk, 
exact location unknown.

Neusiok History.- In 1584 Amadas and Barlowe heard of the Neusiok 
as a war with the tribes farther north. The later settlers speak of 
them as Neuse Indians. They dwindled away rapidly after White contact 
and perhaps united finally with the Tuscnrora.

Neusiok Population.- With the Coree the Neusiok are estimated by 
Mooney (1928) at 1,000 in the year 1600. In 1709 they numbered but 
15 warriors although occupying two towns.

Neusiok Connection in which they have become noted.- The name Neusiok 
is connected with that of the River Neuse in North Carolina, and a 
post village.

Occaneechi tribe. - When the Occaneechi lived on Roanoke River, 
Va., they probably ranged over into Warren, Halifax, and Northampton 
Counties, N. C. In 1701 they were in Orange County, N. C. (See Virginia.)

Pamlico tribe. - Meaning unknown.

Pamlico Connections.- The Pamlico belonged to the Algonquian linguistic 
stock.

Pamlico Location.- On Pamlico River, North Carolina.

Pamlico History.- The Pamlico are mentioned by the Raleigh colonists 
in 1585-86 under the name Pomouik. In 1696 they were almost destroyed 
by smallpox. In 1701 Lawson recorded a vocabulary from them which 
shows their affiliations to have been as given above (Lawson, 1860). 
In 1710 they lived in a single small village. They took part in the 
Tuscarora war, and at its close that part of the Tuscarora under treaty 
with the English agreed to destroy them. A remnant of the Pamlico 
was probably incorporated by the Tuscarora as slaves.

Pamlico Population.- The Pamlico are estimated by Mooney (1928), 
together with "Bear River" Indians, as 1,000 in 1600. In 1710 they 
numbered about 75.

Pamlico Connection in which they have become noted.- The Pamlico 
have given their name to or shared it with the largest sound in North 
Carolina and a North Carolina county. They are also noteworthy as 
having been almost if not quite the most southerly Algonquian tribe 
on the Atlantic seaboard, and the most southerly one from which a 
vocabulary has been collected.

Saponi tribe. - This tribe lived on Yadkin River and in other parts 
of North Carolina for a certain period. (See Virginia.)

Shakori tribe. - A native name but its significance unknown, though 
perhaps the same as Sugari, "stingy or spoiled people," or "of the 
river-whose-water-cannot-be drunk." Also called:  Cacores, a misprint.

Shakori Connections.- The Shakori belonged to the Siouan linguistic 
family, their closest connections being evidently with the southern 
division of the Siouan tribes of the East. Barnwell (1908) identified 
them with the Sissipahaw (q. v.).

Shakori Location.- The Shakori moved so frequently and there is 
so much uncertainty regarding their early history, that this is hard 
to give, but, as they usually kept company with the Eno, tenancy of 
the courses of Shocco and Big Shocco Creeks in the present Vance, 
Warren, and Franklin Counties is perhaps the location most closely 
connected with them in historic times. (See South Carolina and Virginia.)

Shakori History.- It is possible that tke Shakori gave their name 
to the province of Chicora visited by Ayllon and his companions in 
1521. If so, we must suppose that they moved north later in the sixteenth 
century or early in the seventeenth, perhaps as a result of the Pardo 
expeditions. In 1650 Edward Blande and his associates found the "Nottoway 
and Schockoores old fields" between Meherrin and Nottonay Rivers, 
but the Indians were not there. In 1654 Governor Yeardley of Virginia 
was told by a Tuscarora Indian of an inland people called the "Cacores," 
probably an attempt to indicate this tribe. In 1672 Lederer found 
them living in a village 14 miles from that of the Eno (Lederer, 1912), 
and in 1701 Lawson says these two tribes (the Shakori and Eno) were 
in one village called Adshushecr on Eno River (Lawson, 1860). The 
later fortunes of the Shakori were bound up with those of the Eno 
(q. v.).

Shakori Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates the Shakori, Eno, and 
"Adshusheer" at 1,500 in 1600.

Shakori Connection in which they have become noted.- The two creeks, 
Shocco and Big Shocco, and a post office 9 miles south of Warrenton, 
Warren County, NC. perpetuate the name of the Shakori. If Chicora 
refers to the same tribe, it appears prominently in Spanish narratives 
of American exploration, particularly because of the information regarding 
Indian customs obtained by Peter Martyr from an Indian, Francisco 
of Chicora.

Sara tribe. - see Cheraw tribe.

Sissipahaw tribe. - Meaning unknown.

Sissipahaw Connections.- The Sissipahaw were probably of the Siouan 
linguistic family though no words of their language are known.

Sissipahaw Location.- The principal Sissipahaw settlement appears 
to have been about the present Saxapahaw on Haw River in the lower 
part of Alamance County, NC. (See also South Carolina.)

Sissipahaw History.- The name of this tribe is possibly preserved 
in the Sauxpa mentioned by the Spanish officer Vandera in 1569 as 
a place visited by Juan Pardo. Lawson (1860) spoke of them in connection 
with his travels through Carolina in 1701, but he did not visit them. 
Barnwell (1909) identified them with the Shakori with whom they were 
doubtless nearly allied and of whom they may have been a branch. They 
united with other tribes of the region against the English in the 
Yamasee war of 1715, and later with other Siouan remnants probably 
joined the Catawba.

Sissipahaw Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates the Sissipahaw at 
800 in 1600. "Haw Old Fields" constituted the largest body of fertile 
land in the region.

Sissipahaw Connections in which they have become noted.- The name 
Sissipahaw has been brought down to our times by Haw River and the 
towns of Haw River and Saxapahaw on the same, in Alamance County, 
N. C.

Sugeree tribe. This tribe occupied parts of Mecklenburg County, 
NC. (See South Carolina.)

Tuscarora tribe. - From their own name Ska-ru'-ren, signifying according 
to Hewitt (in Hodge, 1910), "hemp gatherers," and applied on account 
of the great use they made of Apocynum cannabinum. 
Also called: A-ko-t'as'-ka-ro'-ren', 
Mohawk name; Ani'-Skala'll, Cherokee name; A-t'as-ka-lo'-len', 
Oneida name; Tewohomomy (or Keew-ahomomy), Saponi name.

Tuscarora Connections.- The Tuscarora belonged to the Iroquoian  linguistic 
family.

Tuscarora Location.- On the Roanoke, Tar, Pamlico, and Neuse Rivers 
of North Carolina. (See also Pennsylvania and New York.)

Tuscarora  Subdivisions. - The Tusearora should be considered a 
confederacy with three tribes or a tribe with three subtribes as follows: 
Ka'te'nu'a'ka', "People of the submerged pinetree"; Akawantca'ka', 
meaning doubtful; and Skaru'ren, "hemp gatheres,"
i. e., the Tuscarora proper.

Tuscarora  Villages. - The following were in North Carolina, A more 
precise location not being possible except in the cases specified: 
Annaooka; Chunaneets; Cohunche; Conauhcare; Contahnah, near the mouth 
of Neuse River; Cotechney, on the opposite side of Neuse River from 
Fort Barnwell, about the mouth of Contentnea Creek; Coram; Corutra; 
Harooka; Harutawaqui; Kenta; Kentanuska; Naurheghne; Neoheroka, in 
Greene County; Nonawharitse; Nursoorooka; Oonossoora; Tasqui, a day's 
journey from Cotechney on the way to Nottaway village; Tonarooka, 
on a branch of Neuse River between "Fort Narhantes" and Cotechney; 
Torhunte, on a northern affluent of Neuse River; Tosneoe; Ucouhnerunt, 
on Pamlico River, probably in the vicinity of Greenalle, in Pitt County; 
Unanauhan.

Tuscarora History. - Barnwell, with 33 white men and about 500 Indians, 
marched against the hostiles, by direction of the colony of South 
Carolina, drove them from one of their towns with great loss, and 
invested Hencock's own town, Cotechney. But having suffered severely 
in two assaults upon the place and fearing lest the white captives 
in the hands of the Indians would be killed, he made peace and returned 
home. Dissatisfied with the treatment accorded him by the North Carolina 
authorities, however, he violated the treaty during his retreat by 
seizing some Indians  and sending them away as slaves. This brought 
on the second Tuscarora War, 1712-13. South Carolina was again appealed 
to for assistance, and Colonel James Moore set out for the north with 
about 900 Indians and 33 white men, a number which was considerably 
swelled before he reached the seat of trouble. March 20 to 23 he stormed 
the palisaded town of Neoheroka, inflicting a loss upon the enemy 
of about 950. The Tuscarora became so terrified at this that part 
of them abandoned Fort Cohunche, situated at Hencock's town and started 
north to join their relatives, the Iroquois. This was only the beginning 
of the movement, bands of Tuscarora being noted at intervals as moving 
north or as having arrived among the Five Nations. They were adopted 
by the Oneida but, contrary to the general impression, were not granted 
coordinate rights in the League before September 1722. A part of the 
Tuscarora under a chief named Tom Blunt (or Blount), had, however, 
remained neutral. They received recognition by the government of North 
Carolina, and continued in their former homes under their own chiefs. 
In 1766, 155 removed to New York, and the 105 remaining were brought 
north in 1802 while a deputation of northem Tuscarora were in Carolina 
to obtain payment for the lands they had formerly occupied. When the 
Tuscarora first moved north they were settled at various places along 
the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania and in New York, some in the Oneida 
country itself.

In 1875, by the treaty of Fort Herkimer, the Oneida sold to the State 
of New York, the lands in which their adopted children, the Tuscarora, 
had settled, and for a time the Tuscarora were dispersed in various 
settlements in New York State, and even in Pennsylvania. At the outbreak 
of the American Revolution, the majority of Tuscarora and Oneida espoused 
the cause of the colonists and in consequence they were attacked by 
Indians in the British interest, including even some of their Iroquois 
brethren, their houses were burned, their crops and other property 
destroyed, and they themselves scattered. A large band of them settled, 
however, at a place called Oyonwayea or Johnson's Landing, on Lake 
Ontario. Later a party from this settlement discovered a place in 
the northeastern part of the present Tuscarora Reservation which pleased 
them so much that they decided to winter there and they were presently 
joined by the rest of the inhabitants of Oyonwayea. At the treaty 
held at Genesee, September 15, 1797, between Robert Morris and the 
Seneca tribe, Morris reserved to the tribe, by grant, 2 square miles, 
covering their new settlements, and the Seneca there-upon granted 
them an additional square mile. As a result of their appeal to the 
legislature of North Carolina above mentioned, they were able to lease 
lands in the south, and they devoted the proceeds to the  purchase 
of 4,329 acres adjoining their New York reserve. The Tuscarora who 
had sided with Great Britain were granted lands in severalty on Crand 
River, Ontario.

Tuscarora Population.- There were 5,000 Tuscarora in 1600 according 
to an estimate by Mooney (1928). In 1708, Lawson gives 15 towns and 
1,200 warriors (Lawson, 1860). Barnwell in 1712 estimates 1,200 to 
1,400 fighting men (Barnwell, 1908); Chauvignerie in 1736, 250 warriors, 
not including those in North Carolina, and on the Susquehanna and 
Juniata Rivers (Chauvignerie, in Schoolcraft, 1851-57, vol. 3, p. 
556). In 1752 the southern Tuscarora were said to number 300 men; 
in 1754 there were said to be 100 men and 200 women and children and 
these figures are repeated in 1761. In 1766 there were said to be 
220 to 230 all told in the south; next year we read that 155 southern 
Tuscarora had removed and that 105 remained. Other estimates place 
the total Tuscarora population at 1,000 in 1765, 2,000 in 1778, 1,000 
in 1783, and 400 in 1796. In 1885 there were 828 (evenly divided between 
New York and Canada).

In 1909 there were 364 in New York and a year later 416 in Canada, 
a total of 780. In 1910, 400 were reported in the United States and 
in 1923, 376 in New York alone. The number in Canada is not separately 
given.

Tuscarora Connection in which they have become noted.- This tribe 
is noted historically for its prominence among the peoples of eastern 
North Carolina, for the two wars which it waged with the colonists, 
and for the rather spectacular migration of the greater part to the 
north and its union with the Five Iroquois Nations. The name Tuscarora 
occurs applied to settlements in Frederick County, Md.; Craven County, 
North Carolina; Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania; Livingston County, 
N. Y.; Elko County, Nev.; and Ontario; and to a creek and mountain 
in Pennsylvania.

Tutelo tribe. - This tribe lived for a while on the upper Yadkin 
and later in Bertie County, NC. (See Virginia.)

Waccamaw tribe. - They probably ranged across into North Carolina 
from the head of Waccamaw River. (See South Carolina.)

Wateree tribe. - According to Lederer (1912) they were living in 
1670 on the upper Yadkin, North Carolina. (See South Carolina.)

Waxhaw tribe. - They extended over into Union County from South
Carolina. (See South Carolina.)

Weapemeoc tribe. -  Meaning unknown, but evidently a place name. 
Also called:  Yeopim, a shortened and more usual form.

Weapemeoc Connections.- The Weapemeoc were almost certainly of the 
Algonquian linguistic family and related to the Powhatan Indians to 
the north and the Chowan, Machapunga, and Pamlico to the south.

Weapemeoc Location.- Most of the present Currituck, Camden, Pasquotank, 
and Perquimans Counties, and part of Chowan County north of Albemarle 
Sound.

Weapemeoc  Subdivisions. - In the same section in later times are 
given the following tribes which must be regarded as subdivisions 
of the Weapemeoc: Pasquotank, on Pasquotank River; Perquiman, on Perquimans 
River; Poteskeet, location uncertain; Yeopim, or Weapemeoc proper, 
on Yeopim River; 

Weapemeoc  Villages. - Chepanoc, on Albemarle Sound in Perquimans 
County; Mascoming, on the north shore of Albemarle Sound, in Chownn 
County; Metachkwem, location unknown; Pasquenock, perhaps identical 
with Pasquotank, on the north shore of Albemarle Sound, perhaps in 
Camden County; Weapemeoc, probably in Pasquotank County.

Weapemeoc History.- The Weapemeoc first appear in history in the 
narratives of the Raleigh colony of 1585-86. Later they are spoken 
of under the various subdivisional names. They parted with some of 
their land in 1662. In 1701, according to Lawson (1860) only 6 of 
the Ycopim survived though there were 40 warriors of the other subdivisions, 
including 10 Pasquotank and 30 Potekeet.

Weapemeoc Population.- In the time of the Raleigh colony the Weapemeoc 
are said to have had between 700 and 800 warriors. They were estimated 
by Mooney (1928) at 800 in 1600. From their number as given by Lawson 
in 1701 Rights (1947) estimates 200 at that date.

Weapemeoc Connection in which they have become noted.- In the form 
Yeopim the name has been preserved in that of a railroad station in 
Perquimans County, N. C.

Woccon tribe. - Significance unknown.

Woccon Connections.- The Woccon belonged to the Siouan linguistic 
stock, their closest relations being the Catawba.

Woccon Location.- Between Neuse River and one of its affluents, 
perhaps about the present Goldsboro, Wayne County.

Woccon Villages. - Tooptatmeer, supposed to have been in Greene 
County; Yupwauremau, supposed to have been in Greene County.

Woccon History.- The first mention of the Woccon appears to be by 
Lawson writing about 1701, who recorded 150 words of their language. 
These show that it was nearer Catawba than any other known variety 
of speech. Lack of any earlier mention of such a large tribe lends 
strength to the theory of Dr. Douglas L. Rights that they were originally 
Waccamaw (q. v., under South Carolina) They took part against the 
Whites in the Tuscarora Wars and were
probably extinguished as a tribe at that time, the remnant fleeing 
north with the Tuscarora, uniting with the Catawba, or combining with 
other Siouan remnants in the people later known as Croatan.

Woccon Population.- The number of Woccon was estimated by Mooney 
(1928) at 600 in 1600. Lawson (1860) gives 120 warriors in 1709.

Woccon Connection in which they have become noted.- The sole claim 
of the Woccon to distinction is from the fact that it is the only 
one of the southern group of eastern Siouan tribes other than the 
Catawba from which a vocabulary has been preserved.

Yadkin tribe. - Meaning unknown.

Yadkin Connections.- The Yadkin probably belonged to the Siouan 
linguistic family.

Yadkin Location.- On Yadkin River.

Yadkin History.- The Yadkin first appear in history in a letter 
by the Indian trader, Abraham Wood, narrating the adventures of two 
men, James Needham and Gabriel Arthur, whom he had sent on an exploring 
expedition lo the west. They passed this tribe and town, which they 
call "Yattken," in the summer of 1674. Lawson (1860) gives the name 
as Reatkin but applies it to the river, and there is no later mention 
of the people.

Yadkin Connection in which they have become noted.- Their name Yadkin 
is perpetuated by the Yadkin River, Yadkin County, and the towns and 
villages of Yadkin College, Yadkin Falls, Yadkin Valley, and Yadkinville, 
all in the State of North Carolina.

Yeopim tribe. - see Weapemeoc tribe.







End of Indian tribes of North Carolina.



Source & Reference Notes!

   [REF:#001]
   "The�Indian�Tribes of North�America"
    By�John�R. Swanton; 1944
    [Retired�from active membership on the�staff�of�the 
    Bureau of American Ethnology in 1944]

   [REF:#002]
   File: NC_PG1.TXT
   Refised: July 05, 1996
   By: Paul R. Sarrett, Jr., [email protected]

SE. Index

N.A. Index

SFA - Index

SFA - REF.

Would like to Exchange and Share information on SARRATT / SARRETT / SURRATT Families, contact me at:

E-Mail: Paul R. Sarrett, Jr. Auburn, CA.