Once Upon A Time

Once Upon A Time
by Marion Thomas


A HISTORY
Such tales as have come down from the long ago!

No household but has its favorite tales, the ones that have been told over and over with the children eagerly prompting as the tale varies in its progress. Such, embellished by the years, took on new proportions with each generation.

But what if Hanover were to tell its own story, not depending upon “the tales” which have passed into the realm of legend. If Hanover were to tell its own story based on its records, what a story that would be — a story peculiar to no one house, the possession of no one family, the pride of no one fireside, but a story belonging to us all. Surely it would begin with those nostalgic words “once upon a time” and run something like this:

Once upon a time there was no Hanover, that is, no township of Hanover, just Chautauqua. And, once upon a time before 1804 there was no Chautauqua even, just Northwest Territory. It was a wild country, mile upon mile of dense forest broken only by the indentations of Lake Erie’s shore and the sturdy streams that wore their gorges ever deeper as they descended through the hills to Lake Erie’s waters.

The Cattaraugus Creek, a wild stream and rightly named from the Indians whose reservation bordered its east banks, marked the end of New York State civilization. All beyond was a land uncharted, unsettled, and unknown but to the Indians.

Our story begins with the coming of the first white settler, Amos Sottle.  Considerable mist accumulating through the years has shrouded this first white man but has not obscured entirely the facts important to Hanover.

What a venturesome or desperate spirit Sottle’s must have been to have abandoned himself to the mercy of that far shore in 1796? Could that explain his presence in the deepest wilds, a self-exile from his people and way of life?

Sottle, who admits to having lived on the reservation for a while, first arrived in an Indian canoe on the south bank of the Cattaraugus at its mouth in 1796. He cleared just sufficient space for the crudest abode about a mile and a half above his landing point. This log cabin with its stone hearth, clay chimney and built-in bed was to be Sottle’s dwelling place for four years. Clearing the space, matching the logs, getting them placed with no assistance, was a matter of time and arduous labor. Mixing the clay, building the fireplace and chimney were achievements in themselves. Sottle had plenty to fill his days for many a week while he slept in a shelter of heavy boughs and leaves during the interval.

What were the furnishings of the cabin? There was the built-in bed already referred to, primitive affair but ingenious certainly. Sottle took four poles and fitted them into as many holes, which he had bored into the cabin wall in one corner. This disposed of any bed posts, save one at the lower outside corner. This firm frame he laced with long strips of elm and basswood bark upon which he threw his blanket, and there was his bed.

A blanket was hung over the door opening as a protection against weather and the threatening animals of the wild until a door of sorts could be constructed. Above the doorway Sottle drove two pegs and upon these was supported his indispensable rifle, second only to the ax in importance. As soon as possible a wall bench was added to the room and a three-legged stool made of truncheon wood upon which he could squat before his fireplace to turn his meat, tend his fire or lose himself in thought. A chest came next, not only for a place of safe keeping, especially for his surveying equipment, but to serve as a table and as a desk. This hut, rude as it was, was to be the pattern for many a pioneer cabin in the days to come. With meal from the Indians, fish from the Cattaraugus and Lake Erie, and a world of wild life about him, Sottle needed have but little concern for his living.

A surveyor by profession, in 1798 he was assigned by the Holland Land Company of Batavia to assist in the surveying of the range and township lines of all this part of the Holland Land purchase. From that date until 1800 his evenings found him with no time for strange reflections or galling remorse. Busy and intent he poured over charts and maps upon which he worked at his chest by his fire’s light. By day he and his Indian chain-boy and ax-man traveled the territory, sighting, measuring, and making notations. For days and weeks his hut would be without him as he covered the territory on foot.

The white man had come into his life again according to records in the county clerk’s files. Some of this work was done with one of the principal surveyors of the company, Amzi Atwater. With this project of the Holland Land Company the white men were bound to come filtering in to confer, check, advise td give orders.

So it was in 1800, his work completed, that he boarded up his small hut and followed his profession into the Northwest Territory of Ohio. It was a period of time before he returned to become a permanent settler there on the “Cattaraugus Bottoms”, as it was later called, accompanied by William Sydney, a ferryman, and the black woman of his story, the subject of lifelong speculation and conjecture.

***************

The Northwest Territory, the Hinterland of New York State, was no longer an unknown wilderness. The white men of the Holland Land Company’s project had opened it to the white man at large.

By the time the whole territory had been plotted, various white men had trickled through on many pretexts, legitimate and otherwise, and land agents had been busily coming and going with prospective buyers. By 1804 land sales were on.    It may be possible that sales were made even earlier or articles of agreement drawn up, for records were not always made as promptly or as accurately in that early day as now. It is very possible that surveyors and land agents made their reports upon their return to Batavia, and thus the day of registry would also be the date of agreement.

However that may be, 1804 is the date recorded for the first land sale. 1804 — what a significant year; the year that all beyond the Cattaraugus became Chautauqua, and Town of Chautauqua, and Northwest Territory (of New York) passed into the realm of “once upon a time”!

The very first land sale was made to Charles Avery, a fine old name which has come down through the years in Hanover’s history. (Forestville would not be Forestville without its Avery family and home on the north side of the street after crossing the Walnut bridge.) To ease the pioneer life, Mr. Avery had the foresight to bring with him a small assortment of goods for trade with the Indians. He, as did the first settlers who followed him, had his land for two dollars and fifty cents an acre, land which the Holland Land Company had bought from the government for thirty-two cents an acre. Thus he could provide himself with eight acres for the cost of his necessary ax, which in that day was twenty-five dollars. His was a cash purchase. Those who entered into “Articles of Agreement” or bought on contract, as we say today, could have a quarter of a section (one hundred sixty acres) by paying eighty dollars down and the remainder in yearly payments of eighty dollars. The purchaser had a period of five years, tax free, in which to make the payments. At the expiration of that period the tract was forfeited if not paid for.

The second land sale was made to William G. Sidney the same year. He accompanied Sottle on his return from Ohio in 1803, A ferryman, he constructed a rude ferry which he operated for the benefit of those who wished to bring more than personal possessions, such as could not be accommodated by a canoe. He rendered a real service to the settlement of the new country, not only with his ferry, but by building a cabin of sufficient size to house guests.

The first transfer was made in 1804 by this same Sidney to John Mack, a colorful name which follows the course of the settlement’s history from the start.

In 1805, Jesse and John Skinner and John Tyler appear on the record, but where they settled is unknown.

In 1806, the names Sylvanus Mabee, Abner Cooley and Amos Sottle appear. An excerpt from a letter written to the county by John Mack’s son, Young John, gives a graphic picture of life at that time. “There were then (1806) but three white men on Cattaraugus flats: Amos Sottle, Michael Lane, and Charles Avery. Sottle and Lane had built cabins and made small improvements and resided in them. There was no land cleared for grain raising and no grain to be had except that bought from the Indians to supply our own wants and those of the travelers.” These wants were soon remedied by the energy and perseverance of early settlers.

Little is known factually of the early life of Amos Sottle. He appears in the records of the Holland Land Company as coming into their employ from Chenango County, New York, and being twenty-one years of age. It is not until 1806 that Sottle’s name is on record as purchasing land. He evidently took up his abode in his original hut until that time. His later home was on the Irving Road near the West Irving crossroad. There he and his black woman lived out their days and were commonly seen by the people of the community going about their orderly life.

No figure of the county ever provoked so much controversy or inspired so many conflicting opinions and conjectures. Did he or did he not come into the wilds as a surveyor for the Holland Land Company in 1796, as always supposed, or did that come later in 1798? Certain it is that he dwelt alone and apparently to no great purpose for the greater part of two years, and the Company’s records do not show that was in their employ before he crossed the Cattaraugus. Certain grudging author I refuse to acknowledge Sottle as a surveyor even, contending that on certain survey records in the County Clerk’s file he is mentioned as “ax-man”. True that may be but it doesn’t exclude him from being named as surveyor on other records.

Was he or was he not, then, the first settler of Chautauqua County? Many stoutly claim he was but as many refuse to concede that honor to him on the technicality that he cleared no acre and planted no grain, so was no settler in the full meaning of the word as were the McMahon brothers at the crossroads of Westfield. He made no effort to subdue the forest as they did. And then the matter of the black woman what was she? who was she? where had she come from? was she Indian or black? Only conjecture answers.

But in any case, while authorities argued and people speculated, all agreed on the important points. It is a matter of authentic record that Sottle crossed the Cattaraugus in 1796. He was in the employ of the Holland Land Company from at least 1798. He helped survey the whole Northwest Territory under Joseph Ellicott n some capacity. He bought land and became a permanent settler in 1806 and lived out his life with a woman of a different hue. These are known facts, and no one ever disputes his being the first white man of Chautauqua County while Hanover honors him with the distinction of being the first white settler. He died in 1848, Amos Sottle, the first white man. The Hanover Town Park at the mouth of the Cattaraugus approximates the landing place of the first white man, the one who supposedly laid out lines and boundaries for the Town of Hanover.

****************

The ferrying of the creek was very unsafe. The ferry, being a scow, was sufficient only to float a wagon. Horses and oxen were taken over separately. There soon was provided a safe conveyance by building a scow sufficiently large to transport teams of all kinds. The tavern was kept by widow Sidney in a small log cabin. This had lean-tos attached which served for lodging rooms and storage. A plank addition served as parlor and dining room.

John Mack has always been credited as having the first hostelry, and it is interesting to learn from his son that he took over the Sidney property which had already been established for the entertainment of guests.
1807 brought the first Smith (John), David Scott, Ezra Puffer, and land was articled for the first time to Artemus Clothier.

In 1808, there arrived three settlers, Rufus Washburn, Walter Lull, and Martin Tubbs, whose names were to figure prominently in Hanover’s early affairs and politics.

In 1809, land was articled to six new corners. Among them Daniel Holbrook and Joseph Brownell who were to be leaders of the future. Samuel Johnson, Guy Webster, Asher Cooley, and Amos Ingraham were the others, only one of whom settled on the “Bottoms” (Irving).

The year 1810 was the big year, bringing fourteen new settlers including the first Knapp, the first Farnham (Daniel), the first White (Thomas), the first Webb, and the first Bennett (James). Their descendants have been in Hanover’s life through the generations.

1811 brought Benjamin Kenyon, Job Knight, Hezekiah Fisk, Isaac Smith, Erastus Scott, Reuben Edmonds, and Salmon Prentiss.

In 1812 are two names, Jacob Burgess and Nedibiah Angell, that appear for the first time. Jacob Burgess was the first physician and Nedibiah Angell, a capable organizer, was to be one of Hanover’s first supervisors.

There seem to be no entries for 1813, but 1814 brought Benjamin Smith, Otis Tower, and Uriah Nash, for whom a village was to be named.

1816 brought David Convis, Norman Spink, George Kirkland, Orlando Wilcox, Christopher McManus and Walter Libby, whose family is still famous for its maple sugar.

In 1817 there appeared Samuel Mckee, William McManus and Thomas Nevin, well known in Smith Mills.

The old names which have come down through the years first made their appearance in the record of land purchases due largely to the efforts and enterprise of one Platt Swift.

Platt Swift, a land agent for the Holland Land Company, was all through the Northwest over and over again during the period of its survey; probably no one knew it better. He built for himself, according to his descendant, Stanley Swift, a cabin on the Hanford Road where he made his headquarters until later years when he built a plank house on the old Swift Farm, as it has been long known, on the Irving Road. This is today in the hands of the Dubert family.

Platt Swift is not the only land owner whose name does not appear on the record of land sales. A number of other people are known to have lived in the area and to have become permanent settlers. The proof of this is to be found repeatedly in the minutes of the first Hanover Town meeting after the organization of the township. Men were elected to office whose names have not been encountered before. The citizen important enough to be the first from Hanover to be elected to the Assembly is recorded nowhere: Elijah Holt, Assemblyman in 1814.

The first settlers lived on the Cattaraugus flats, convenient to the reservation, Their only source of grain. While the ferry brought in its newcomers from the East across the hazardous Cattaraugus, other white men were pushing their way north from the mountains and woods of Pennsylvania into Chautauqua County searching for level stretches of land suitable for cultivation. Many a settler made his way into Hanover via the southern route. Some of the oldest farms on the highlands were those of the earliest Pennsylvania settlers. As the land, stony at best, was worked out early, their sons moved toward Lake Erie, dropping down to the next level to find greater fertility.

So while the New England settlers, entering the area at the Cattaraugus, gradually fanned out and back through the country, the Pennsylvania settlers persevered, strained forward on their northward trek to establish their holdings on the table lands, too distant to overlook the Erie shore.

Some immigrants from Pennsylvania who entered from the west pushed their way into the county through Erie, which, in turn, explains the Erie Road. This road was originally made by the ox cart tracks from Erie into New York State, instead of a road leading to Erie as generally supposed.

These settlers spread out over the Hanover area until a number of straggling little communities came into existance. Outwardly their cabins were for the most like Sottle’s but varying in size. The interiors, like his, would have their built-in beds, truncheon wood stools and benches. In addition, the women would bring the spinning wheels and the little niceties, the pewter candlesticks and tankards, the occasional blue willow plates or lustre pitchers, the bright homespun coverlets, and the little comforts which the pine chests had carried on the long journey in the covered wagons. With the passage of time these primitive homesteads lost some of the grim starkness of hardship. Also, with the aging of timbers, the charring of fire places, the continued hum of the spinning wheel, the soft flickerings of candlelight and the glow of long-crackling fires, there came a pervading cheer, a spreading sens of busy well-being less shadowed by fear and meagerness, a growing semblance of graciousness, a substantial, peaceful, and industrious way of living which was to be the pattern for Hanover home life and community standards.

****************

In looking through the old Road District Records one finds reference to varios mills: so many rods and links from “R. B. Smith’s mills,” “turning north at Bull’s mills,” so many rods “south of Kent’s mills,” etc. Aside from water which the creeks supplied, nothing was of such importance as the mills, for ground meal was an indispensable product. Naturally enough the little straggling communities scattered over the surface of the new country centered around the mill taking on in many cases the name of the mill owner. However, that was not true in every instance.

The names of these communities, which endured and were to one day comprise the Town of Hanover, were, for the most part, known by their surroundings a by their first settlers: Cattaraugus Village, LaGrange, Forestville, Nashville, R. B. Smith Mills, Angell Settlement, Fayette Village.

What could be more natural than for the very first settlement in 1804 to take on the name of “Cattaraugus” on whose shores it was located? It was here its first settler and surveyor, its first land agent and first tavern were established. Cattaraugus Village was the name given the settlement of “Bottoms” and that name persisted until 1846. Then it became Irving, taking its name from the Irving Company which had in prospect the western terminus of the New York and Erie Railroad. Great dreams were entertained for the size and importance of Irving with its railroad terminus and marvelous natural harbor.

Its nearest neighbor, “LaGrange,” anticipating even in its earliest days a more pretentious future with its wonderful natural resources, chose a name suited to the high place it would one day hold in the new world. It chose its name in honor of Lafayette whose place of residence in France was LaGrange. Later in 1856, the name was changed to West Irving.

The sad part is that the name LaGrange and the dreams might have been realized but for the avarice of one unscrupulous man. In expectation of the terminus of the New York and Erie Railroad being fixed near the mouth of the Cattaraugus, a large village plot was surveyed and elaborately laid out by a company of capitalists. Through their enterprise several appropriations for harbor improvements were made by Congress, and a United States topographical engineer was appointed superintendent. But, when the Boston representatives arrived and made their munificent offer of $30,000 for the harbor land, (a more than princely sum for those days) the owner of the lake front acreage feeling the deal was secure, set his price at the ungodly stake of $50,000. The representative never returned and Dunkirk became the terminus and the harbor. So much for the greed of man!

“Moore’s Mills” was established by Jehiel Moore in 1808. He was a native of Connecticut and was the son of a Revolutionary soldier who took up his residence after the war in Butternut, New York. Jehiel Moore was thirty years of age when he pioneered to the Chautauqua country, and he opened a bush road from the Erie Road (Route 20 of today) to the falls of Walnut Creek at the site of the present Forestville. There he set up the first saw mill just below the falls. He brought his family in 1809, built Forestville’s first grist mill and is supposed to have built the first plank house. His mills attracted other settlers and Moore’s Mills came to hold a definite place in Hanover’s history. Moore, himself, was an officer in the War of 1812 and was said to be “a good officer, a brave man, and an excellent pioneer settler.’’

Moore’s Mills gave way to Walnut Creek and it was often referred to as such after it was commonly known as Forestville, a name that was settled upon sometime before 1813 when it became a part of the Town of Hanover. In the town records it is Forestville from the first, and it was known as such when the Post Office was first established in 1823. One need not ponder long how Forestville came by its name. You have only to pass beneath its archways of ancient trees to appreciate the forest it must have been in 1849 when it was incorporated. With such settlers as Charles Avery and Jehiel Moore, Forestville has a heritage of which to be justly proud.

But, isn’t it odd that the largest, most active town should have had the most difficult time in becoming an established settlement? Silver Creek, or Fayette as it was known for so many years, had its first shadowy beginnings in 1803, then faded away into nothingness. Abel Cleveland and David Dickinson bought land and articled most of it to John Howard. As it is generally known, they built a tiny mill by the creek side of Silver Creek about opposite the S. Howes Company on Howard Street. This beginning of a settlement collapsed when Cleveland and Dickinson departed elsewhere leaving John Howard, the only and first permanent settler. He built a “House of Entertainment” for way-farers on the street which bears his name.

He was joined in 1806 by Artemus Clothier and Norman Spink and all bade fair for a new settlement. However, they decided to return temporarily to their New England homes for their wives, and again John Howard was left alone. It was not until 1811 when they returned and were accompanied by Dr. Jacob Burgess that the place could be called a settlement.

John Howard, being no wheelright, the original mill fell into disrepair and had to be abandoned. One of the original millstones, however, is still in existence and bears the D. A. R. marker on upper Main Street. It was not until 1813 and the coming of Nehemiah Heaton and Thomas Kidder that a new mill came into operation. It soon passed into the hands of the Roger brothers. With this to attract new comers a real settlement sprang up in the vicinity of the mill on the upper Main Street of today in the shade of the famous black walnut tree. Fayette Village, the name chosen for reasons unknown, had the center of its activities above the Main Street bridge of today. The first school, store, and post office were within sight, if not shade, of the famous tree; and the first plank houses built after the saw mill’s advent in 1815 are still standing to bear witness to the importance of the Walnut Creek settlement.

Memorial These mills which formed the nucleus of the settlement passed into the hands of the Roger brothers in 1816 after the untimely death of Mr.Heaton who was drowned while rowing to Buffalo to pay for the mill machinery. The Rogers’ mills continued to be the lodestone which drew settlers to it for many a long year. Many a covered wagon, bent on a longer trek, heeded the mill’s promise of food and security in a land of hardship and uncertainty, settled permanently nearby. The sawmill outlived the feed mill and is easily recalled by the older residents of today as the Andrus Mill, owned and operated by the Rogers’ successors, Wilson and Joseph Andrus, the grandfathers of the “Dawley Girls” and “Cap” Lanphere respectively. This was truly an historic mill and was in existence up to the end of the century.

Nashville, on New York Route 39 west of Perrysburg, is another of the small communities existing today. Uriah Nash was one of those who negotiated with the Holland Land Company in 1810 for his land. The community which sprang up around his original holdings took on the name of the first settler, especially since Mr. Nash proved to be a man of initiative and influence. As his name would indicate, Uriah was of religious heritage, and it was at Nashville that the first religious services were ever held. Here a Baptist group was organized in 1811.

Angell’s settlement came by its name in the same natural fashion. When Nedebiah Angell, a New Englander, decided in 1812 to stay this side of the fateful Cattaraugus, he chose for his land a tract in the central part, to the northeast of Forestville. His brother Ethan, who followed soon after, chose a neighboring tract and built the frame house still in existence after the log cabin days. This home was eventually owned by the late Attorney Firnum Anderson. The Angells were pioneers of not only Hanover but of New England. Their family line is distinctly traced to the one of that name who accompanied Roger Williams to America. The Angells were great gentlemen and settlers of the highest type. It was only natural that the settlement would take on their name and Angell Road take its place in the Highways of Chautauqua. This settlement became known as Hanover Center after the formation of the township of which it was most nearly the central part.

Smith Mills grew out of the name of the owner of the original mills. All through the early records are frequent references to highways, places, or functions near Mr. R. B. Smith’s mills. Mr. Smith was a man of great dignity as well as property. The greatest of respect was held for him and his standards with the result that it was many a year before common parlance brought about the contraction of “Mr. R. B. Smith’s mills” to Smith Mills. It was Mr. Smith’s daughter, Mrs. Mary Smith Lock. wood, who originated the idea of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It was in her parlor in Washington, 0. C. that the founders met in 1890 to organize the National Society, a distinction of which Hanover is proud, and with reason. To commemorate her contribution to the nation, the site of her girlhood home in Smith Mills has been set apart by the Town of Hanover, and upon it has been erected a D. A. R. tablet by the Chautauqua County chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Thus were the original settlements which were to comprise the Town of Hanover when it came into being in 181 3.
    1804    Cattaraugus Village (later Irving)
    1804    LaGrange (later West Irving)
    1808    Moore’s Mills, Walnut Creek (later known as Forestville)
    1810    R. B. Smith’s Mills
    1810    Nashville
    1811    Fayette Village    (later Silver Creek)
    1812    Angell Settlement      (later Hanover Center)
    1813    Forestville
    1820    Smith Mills
    1834    Silver Creek
    1846    Irving
    1856    West Irving

There you have it, the way it was “once upon a time” before there was a Hanover, while it was all the Town of Chautauqua.

Published December 1950

***************

February 1811 marked the beginning of Chautauqua as a county. With transportation slow and laborious and no means of communication speedier than runners, the necessity for townships was recognized early. Just to communicate with the Cattaraugus group, for instance, from Mayville as the center meant days. Then began the divisions of the county to facilitate better administration. Pomfret was first organized by the Legislature in the spring of 1811. Chautauqua was split practically at the halfway mark, dividing the county into the two townships: the west. em half into Chautauqua and the eastern half into Pomfret. But administration was still cumbersome and unwieldy at best. The following spring the Legislature divided Pomfret. Again it was a fairly even split with the eastern half beginning in Sheridan (already named) and embracing all that territory extending east to the Cattaraugus Creek and south to Conewango.

The State Legislature at its 1812 session incorporated the new Township of Hanover. This was thrilling and gratifying beyond all measure; but, upon closer consideration, it was robbed of some of its glory. Since the Legislature had been adjourned by the governor for reasons long since forgotten, the act was not able to be passed until the second session which brought it too late in the spring for a town meeting. A whole year had to pass before it could organize! It was not until 1813, April 4, to be exact, that the Town of Hanover, the third township in the county had its official town meeting. It was an historic date for its sons and daughters who have shared its benefits through more than the one hundred sixty years of its life span.

There are those, however, who stoutly maintain that 1813 was not the first town meeting; that one was held in 1812; their great grandparents had attended it, and the story had come down through the family. Now that the irritating contention is not without some grounds of support. The wording of the first minutes would imply an element of truth. The minutes of the 1813 meeting read: “Annual Town Meeting April 4, 1813 pursuant to adjournment.” Pursuant to an adjourninent --  adjournment of what? Doubtless, a meeting which had to be affixed to an official meeting later was held and a year was a long time to wait action on the part of eager, enthusiastic, ambitious, “getter-on-ers” such as those early Hanover pioneers.

Regardless of any and all preliminary meetings, however, it is a recorded fact that the first official meeting of Hanover was held April 4, 1813. There in a fine, old, calf.skin bound volume with heavy parchment-like pages appear the minutes of that historic meeting, inscribed with the most infinite of pains in brown ink and fine script, embellished with such flourishes as only a carefully sharpened quill pen could execute.

The Town of Hanover has not only the distinction of being the third oldest township in the county but that of having the most complete records. Very few townships in the State of New York can make that boast. Town historians hasten to explain: that fire destroyed their early records; mice and other rodents mutilated many of their pages; leaking roofs soaked their volumes and blurred their pages; or, more commonly still, certain volumes were lost. But not so Hanover’s records. They are complete, intact, and in fine state of preservation in the safe in the Town Clerk’s office where they have been conscientiously guarded through the years. Their care and condition testify eloquently to the serious minded people who made tip early Hanover and who have held office through her history. These individuals respected and revered things important to their township and office and appreciated what might be valuable in the years to come.

Up to this point, April 4, 1813, Hanover history had been open to question with points of variance showing from time to time. But from this date forward there is no question, doubt, or speculation. Hanover’s recorded history is in our possession, open to references that tell its own recorded story without interruption forward from the original town meeting. What a priceless possession!

Published March 1951
A HISTORY
EARLY HARBOUR DAYS
THE VILLAGE OF SILVER CREEK
OVER THE YEARS
LIGHTHOUSE POINT
THE LIBERTY POLE

UNDERGROUND SILVER CREEK
FAYETTE'S FIRST PLANK HOUSE
GATES-WARD-THOMAS HOMESTEAD

DR. SPENCER WARD
THE BLUE EAGLE TAVERN
OLIVER LEE HOMESTEAD

OLD SILVER CREEK HOMES THANKSGIVING DAY
THE MIXER-BARRESI HOUSE
TEW-STEWART HOME

THE SWIFT MANSION
OBITUARY FOR AN OLD HOUSE
THANKSGIVING MEMORIES
THE FOX HOUSE

MARY SMITH LOCKWOOD: FAMOUS WOMAN OF HANOVER
CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY CHURCHES - A HISTORY
THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH
MT. CARMEL PARISH
EARLY TOWN OF HANOVER CEMETERIES