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Mother: ISABELLA de CAPET of Portugal |
Felipe received the Duchy of Milan from his father in 1540 and,
on the occasion of his marriage in 1554 to Mary Tudor, Queen of
England , who was eleven years his senior, the Kingdoms of
Naples and Sicily.
This political marriage gave Spain an indirect influence on
affairs of England, recently restored to Catholicism; but in
1555 Felipe was summoned to the Low Countries. At a solemn
conference held at Brussels, 22 Oct., 1555, Carlos V ceded to
Felipe the Low Countries, the crowns of Castille, Aragon, and
Sicily, on 16 Jan., 1556, and the countship of Burgundy on the
tenth of Jun. He even thought of securing for him the imperial
crown, but the opposition of his brother Ferdinand caused him to
abandon that project. Having become King, Felipe, devoted to
Catholicism, defended the Faith throughout the world and opposed
the progress of heresy, and these two things are the key to his
whole reign. He did both by means of absolutism. His reign began
unpleasantly for a Catholic sovereign, and Mary's death in 1558
severed the connection between the two countries.
He had signed with France the Treaty of Vaucelles (5 Feb.,
1556), but it was soon broken by France, which joined Paul IV
against him. Like Julius II this pope longed to drive the
foreigners out of Italy.
Felipe had two wars on his hands at the same time, in Italy and
in the Low Countries. In Italy the Duke of Alva, Viceroy of
Naples, defeated the Duke of Guise and reduced the pope to such
distress that he was forced to make peace. Felipe granted this
on the most favourable terms and the Duke of Alva was even
obliged to ask the pope's pardon for having invaded the
Pontifical States. In the Low Countries Felipe defeated the
French at Saint Quentin (1557) and Gravelines (1558) and
afterwards signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis (3 Apr, 1559),
which was sealed by his marriage with Isabel De Valois, daughter
of Henry II, who gave him two daughters, Isabel Clara Eugenia
and Catalina. Peace concluded, Felipe, who had been detained in
the Low Countries, returned to Spain. For more than forty years
he directed from the Prince of Orange decided to proclaim
Felipe's his cabinet the affairs of the monarchy. He resided
alternately at Madrid which he made the capital of the kingdom
and in villégiatures, the most famous of which is the Escorial,
which he built in fulfillment of a vow made at the time of the
battle of Saint Quentin.
After Isabel death, he married again a royal cousin, Ana of
Austria, who gave him four children. She was the mother of the
future Felipe III.
In Spain, Felipe continued the policy of the Catholic Ferdinand
and Isabella. He was merciless in the supression of the Lutheran
heresy, which had appeared in various parts of the country,
notably at Valladolid and Seville. "If my own son were guilty
like you", he replied to a gentleman condemned to death for
heresy who had reproached him for his cruelty, "I should lead
him with my own hands to the stake". He succeeded in
exterminating Protestantism in Spain, but encountered another
enemy no less dangerous. The Moriscoes of the ancient Kingdom of
Granada had been conquered, but they remained the implacable
enemies of their conquerors, from whom they were separated by
religion, language, dress, and manners, and they plotted
incessantly with the Mussulmans outside the country. Felipe
wished to force them to renounce their language and dress,
whereupon they revolted and engagedin a bloody struggle against
Spain which lasted three years (1567-70) until ended by Don
Juan, natural son of Carlos V. The defeated Moriscoes were
transplanted in great numbers to the interior of the country.
Another event of historical importance in Felipe's reign was the
conquest of Portugal in 1580. After the death of the young King
Sebastian at the battle of Alcazar (1578) and that of his
successor the aged Cardinal Henry (1580), Felipe II, who through
his mother was a grandson of King Emmanuel, pleaded his title of
heir and sent the Duke of Alva to occupy the country. This was
the only conquest of the reign. Iberian unity, thus realized,
lasted from 1580 to 1640.
Other events were the troubles in Aragon, which were fomented by
Antonio Perez, former secretary of the King. Being pursued for
high treason he sought refuge in his native country, and
appealed for protection to its fueros that he might not be
delivered to the Castilian judges, nor to the Inquisition. The
inhabitants of Saragossa defended him by force of arms and he
succeeded in escaping abroad, but Felipe sent an army to punish
Aragon, infringed on the fueros and established absolutism in
the Kingdom of Aragon, hitherto proud of its freedom (1592).
In the Low Countries, where Felipe had committed the government
to his aunt, Margaret of Parma, the nobles, chafed because of
their want of influence, plotted and trumped up grievances. They
protested against the presence in the country of several
thousands of Spanish soldiers, against Cardinal de Granvelle's
influence with the regent, and against the severity of Carlos
V's decrees against heresy. Felipe recalled the Spanish soldiers
and the Cardinal de Greavelle, but he refused to mitigate the
decrees and declared that he did not wish to reign over a nation
of heretics. The difficulties with the Iconoclasts having broken
out he swore to punish them and sent thither the Duke of Alva
with an army, whereupon Margaret of Parma resigned.
Alva behaved as though in a conquered country, caused the arrest
and execution of Count Egmont and de Hornes, who were accused of
complicity with the rebels, created the Council of Troubles,
which was popularly styled the "Council of Blood", defeated the
Prince of Orange and his brother who had invaded the country
with German mercenaries, but could not prevent the "Sea-beggars"
from capturing Brille.
He followed up his military successes but was recalled in 1573.
His successor Requesens could not recover Leyden. Influenced by
the Prince of Orange the provinces concluded the "Pacification
of Ghent" which regulated the religious situation in the Low
Countries without royal intervention. The new governor, Don
Juan, upset the calculations of Orange by accepting the
"Pacification ", and finally the Prince of Orange decided to
proclaim Felipe's deposition by the revolted provinces. The King
replied by placing the prince under the ban; shortly afterwards
he was slain by an assassin (1584). Nevertheless, the united
provinces did not submit and were lost to Spain. Those of the
South, however, were recovered one after another by the new
governor, Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma. But he having died
in 1592 and the war becoming more difficult against the rebels,
led by the great general Maurice of Nassau, son of William of
Orange, Felipe II realized that he must change his policy and
ceded the Low Countries to his daughter Isabel, whom he espoused
to the Archduke Albert of Austria, with the provision that the
provinces would be returned to Spain in case there were no
children by this union (1598). The object of Felipe's reign was
only partly realized. He had safeguarded the religious unity of
Spain and had exterminated heresy in the southern Low Countries,
but the northern Low Countries were lost to him forever.
Felipe had three enemies to contend with abroad, Islam, England,
and France. Islam was master of the Mediterranean, being in
possession of the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, Egypt, all the
coast of northern Africa (Tunis, Algiers, Morocco); it had just
conquered the Island of Cyprus and laid siege to the Island of
Malta (1505), which had valiantly repulsed the assault. Dragut,
the Ottoman admiral, was the terror of the Mediterranean. On
several occasions Felipe had fought against the Mussulman peril,
meeting alternately with success and defeat. He therefore
eagerly joined the Holy League organized by Pius V to resist
Islam, and which Venice consented to join. The fleet of the
League, commanded by Don Juan, brother of Felipe II, inflicted
on the Turkish fleet the terrible defeat of Lepanto (7 Oct.,
1571), the results of which would have been greater had Venice
not proved false and if Pius V had not died in 1572.
Nevertheless, the Turkish domination of the Mediterranean was
ended and in 1578 Felipe concluded a treaty with the Turks which
lasted till the end of his reign. Relations of intimacy with
England had ceased at the death of Mary Tudor.
Felipe attempted to renew them by his chimerical project of
marriage with Elizabeth, who had not yet become the cruel
persecutor of Catholicism. When she constituted herself the
protectress of Protestant interests throughout the world and did
all in her power to encourage the revolt of the Low Countries,
Felipe thought of contending with her in her own country by
espousing the cause of Mary Stuart, but Elizabeth did away with
the latter in 1587, and furnished relief to the Low Countries
against Felipe, who thereupon armed an immense fleet (the
Invincible Armada) against England. But being led by an
incompetent commander it accomplished nothing and was almost
wholly destroyed by storms (1588). This was an irreparable
disaster which inaugurated Spain's naval decline. The English
corsairs could with impunity pillage her colonies and under
Drake even her own coast; in 1596 the Earl of Essex pillaged the
flourishing town of Cadiz, and the sceptre of the seas passed
from Spain to England.
From 1559 Felipe II had been at peace with France, and had
contented himself with urging it to crush out heresy. French
intervention in favour of the Low Countries did not cause him to
change his attitude, but when at the death of Henry III in 1589
the Protestant Henry of Bourbon became heir to the throne of
France, Felipe II allied himself with the Guises, who were at
the head of the League, supplied them with money and men, and on
several occasions sent to their relief his great general
Alexander Farnese. He even dreamed of obtaining the crown of
France for his daughter Isabel, but this daring project was not
realized. The conversion of Henry IV (1593) to Catholicism
removed the last obstacle to his accession to the French throne.
Apparently Felipe II failed to grasp the situation, since he
continued for two years more the war against Henry IV, but his
fruitless efforts were finally terminated in 1595 by the
absolution of Henry IV by Clement VIII.
No sovereign has been the object of such diverse judgments.
While the Spaniards regarded him as their Solomon and called him
"the prudent King" (el rey prudente), to Protestants he was the
"demon of the south" (dćmon meridianus) and most cruel of
tyrants. This was because, having constituted himself the
defender of Catholicism throughout the world, he encountered
innumerable enemies, not to mention such adversaries as Antonio
Perez and William of Orange who maligned him so as to justify
their treason. Subsequently poets (Schiller in his "Don
Carlos"), romance-writers, and publicists repeated these
calumnies. As a matter of fact Felipe II joined great qualities
to great faults. He was industrious, tenacious, devoted to
study, serious, simple-mannered, generous to those who served
him, the friend and patron of arts. He was a dutiful son, a
loving husband and father, whose family worshipped him. His
piety was fervent, he had a boundless devotion to the Catholic
Faith and was, moreover, a zealous lover of Justice. His stoical
strength in adversity and the courage with which he endured the
sufferings of his last illness are worthy of admiration.
On the other hand he was cold, suspicious, secretive, scrupulous
to excess, indecisive and procrastinating, little disposed to
clemency or forgetfulness of wrongs. His religion was austere
and sombre. He could not understand opposition to heresy except
by force. Imbued with ideas of absolutism, as were all the
rulers of his time, he was led into acts disapproved by the
moral law. His cabinet policy, always behind-hand with regard to
events and ill-informed concerning the true situation, explains
his failures to a great extent. To sum up we may cite the
opinion of Baumstark: "He was a sinner, as we all are, but he
was also a King and a Christian King in the full sense of the
term"." http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/aboutFelipeII.htm
FELIPE II HABSBURG (King of Spain)
Married 1: Maria De Portugal 13 Nov 1543, Salamanca, Spain
Children: 1. Don Carlos De HABSBURG
Married 2: MARY I TUDOR (Queen of England) 25 Jul 1554,
Winchester Cathedral, London, England
Married 3: Elisabeth De VALOIS (Princess of France) (b. 2 Apr
1545 - d. 3 Oct 1568) 31 Jan 1560, Guadalajara, Spain
Children:
2. Dau. De HABSBURG (twin) (b. 1564)
3. Dau. De HABSBURG (twin) (b. 1564)
4. Isabel Clara Eugenia De HABSBURG
5. Catalina Micaela De HABSBURG
6. Dau. De HABSBURG (b. 1568)
Married 4: Anna De HABSBURG (Archduchess of Austria) (b. 2 Nov
1549 - d. 26 Oct 1580) 12 Nov 1570, Segovia, Spain
Children:
6. Ferdinand De HABSBURG (b. 1571)
7. Edward De HABSBURG (b. 1575)
8. Felipe III De HABSBURG (King of Spain) (b. 14 Apr 1578)
9. Mary De HABSBURG
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_CHARLES I, CARLOS V HABSBURG of the Holy Roman Empire_|
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|--PHILIP II (FELIPE II) de HABSBURG of Spain and Portugal
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|_ISABELLA de CAPET of Portugal_________________________|
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_Francis HAYNES _____+
| (1709 - ....)
_Francis Bythell HAYNES _|
| m 1752 |
| |_Ann BYTHELL ________
| (1710 - ....)
_Bythell HAYNES Sr.__|
| (1755 - 1833) |
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| |_Ann SMITH ______________|
| (1736 - 1771) m 1752 |
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|--Andromache HAYNES
| (1799 - 1863)
| _____________________
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_(RESARCH QUERY) HOGE HOGG HOGUE _|
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|--James HOGG "the Immigrant"
| (1728 - 1804)
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Mother: Sarah MARSHALL |
"The children of Col. William Bishop and Elizabeth (Smith) Lamar
were
(1) Mary Lamar, born December 31, 1767.
(2) Henrietta Lamar, Born February 14, 1769; married Eli
Thrasher.
(3) Sarah Lamar, born September 20, 1770; married Elias
Thrasher.
(4) John Lamar, born September 28, 1772. 2 John LAMAR b: 28 Sep
1772 d: bef. 29 Aug 1812
(5) Archibald Smith Lamar, Born June 25, 1774.
(6) Anne Lamar, born March 26, 1776.
(7) Thomas Lamar, born December 19, 1777; married Mary Willard.
(8) Susannah Lamar, who married Eli House.
(9) Richard Lamar, married Mary Johnson, who was related to the
Somerville family. 2 Richard Smith LAMAR b: 6 DEC 1791 d: 18 JUN
1815 + Mary (Polly) JOHNSON b: 23 JAN 1794 d: 16 OCT 1873
(10) William Lamar. 2 William Bishop LAMAR , Jr. b: 6 NOV 1781
d: 6 FEB 1863 + Drusilla THRASHER b: 21 SEP 1781 d: 19 AUG 1846
(11) Benjamin Lamar. 2 Benjamin (Benoni) Smith LAMAR b: 13 FEB
1790 d: 3 AUG 1840 + Nancy Ann BLINCOE b: 20 JAN 1799 d: 20 AUG
1881
(12) Rachel Lamar, who married a Mr. Killenberger. 2 Rachel
LAMAR b: abt 1789 + Joseph KILLENBARGER b: 12 Aug 1782 d: 2 Feb
1872
(13) Mareen Tyler Lamar, who lived to be more than 100 years
old. 2 Marine Tyler LAMAR b: 17 AUG 1794 d: 20 NOV 1888 +
Rebecca RICE b: 11 JUL 1797 d: 4 JUN 1876
He owned vast estates in Maryland and in Breckenridge Co, KY
[per LeMar]
1810 Frederick Co, MD census, page 393
Will of William B. Lamer dated August 29, 1812 p on file onpage
308 ,Hawkins County, TN, transcribed by Tom Lamar Coughlin,
8/6/2001
In the name of God, amen:
Be it known and remembered that I, Wm B. Lemar of the county of
Frederick and State of Maryland, now within Hawkins County and
state of Tennessee, and on my way from the state of Kentucky to
my residence in Frederick county aforesaid, and being sick and
in a low state of health, but of perfect mind and memory and
calling to mind(?) the certainty of death and uncertainty of
life do make this as my last Will and Testament, revoking all
formerwills, deed of gift bequests, etc. and in the first place
doth will and desire that (after resigning my soul to Almighty
God who gave it me) my body be decently buried at the expense of
my estate.
And Secondly, I give to my son Marine T. Lemar a tract of land
which I purchased from John Lewis the same containing 160 acres
situatedin Breckenridge County State of Kentucky adjoining lands
of Joseph Sibleisbarger(?) reference to said John Lewis deed to
me will more fully explain, and also I give to him my son Marine
aforesaid one Negro boy called Tom, one horse, one cow, and also
a note of hand on Perry Rice one hundred twenty eight dollars
and 12 ˝ cents.
Thirdly,I give to my two sons Benjamin S. Lemar and Richard S.
Lemar the tract of land on which I live, including all the land
which has not been conveyed to my sons Thomas and William Lemar,
to be equally divided between the said Benjamin and Richard, And
to Benjamin I also give a Negro boy named Andrew, one horse, one
cow, And to Richard, I give a Negro boy named Jack, one horse
and one cow.
Fourthly, I give all my stock of negroes not heretofore disposed
of by this will and excluding such as I have previously
bequeathed to my children, to be equally divided between my four
daughters , and all my moveable estate of every description
including (XXXX?) notes, excepting the one herein named towit:
the one given to my son Marine, to be equally divided between my
daughtersaforesaid, say Henney, Sally, Susannah, and Rachael.
Fifthly, I also give a feather bed to each of my sonsBenjamin
and Richard in addition to what I have heretofore given them by
thiswill. Lastly, I appoint my sons William and Thomas Lemar
executors of this mylast will and testament
Signed, sealed and acknowledged in the presence of those whose
names are hereunto set. 29th August, 1812 William Bishop
Lemar(seal)
Daniel Dech
George Morrison
Joseph Mc M(???)
[400294]
d.while on his way from KY to MD
_Thomas LAMAR "the Immigrant"_+
| (1630 - 1714)
_John LAMAR I__________|
| (1690 - 1758) m 1714 |
| |_Anne POTTENGER ______________+
| (1660 - ....)
_John LAMAR II_______|
| (1716 - 1756) |
| | _Robert TYLER II______________+
| | | (1670 - 1738) m 1693
| |_Susannah Duval TYLER _|
| (1700 - 1784) m 1714 |
| |_Susannah DUVALL _____________+
| (1675 - 1716) m 1693
|
|--William Bishop LAMAR
| (1745 - 1812)
| _William MARSHALL II__________+
| | (1665 - 1697) m 1689
| _William MARSHALL III__|
| | (1690 - 1734) m 1713 |
| | |_Elizabeth HANSON ____________+
| | (1670 - ....) m 1689
|_Sarah MARSHALL _____|
(1722 - 1790) |
| _Roger BISHOP ________________+
| | (1660 - 1694)
|_Rebecca BISHOP _______|
(1693 - 1734) m 1713 |
|_Sarah NEALE _________________
(1670 - 1752)
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