I2524: Anne (ABT 1535

Notes

"John Quincy Adams, (1767-1848), ad'[sch ]mz, 6th PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. He was the son of John ADAMS, 2d president. Independence and Union were the watchwords of his career; a Union of the United States of North America to grow by the destiny of Providence and nature to become a continental republic of free men stretching from ocean to ocean and from Gulf to Arctic.

"The Second Adams" was the only son of a president to become president; in fact, his parents actually trained him for highest office. His mother told the boy that some day the state would rest upon his shoulder. As he grew up with the new nation, he had during his long lifetime two notable careers, separated by a strange interlude. The first career was as an American diplomat who rose to become secretary of state. The second career was as a member of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and opponent of slavery. The strange interlude was as president of the United States; for four years the state did indeed rest, uneasily, upon his shoulder. Never publicly popular, often reviled by his political enemies, he nevertheless ended his life in the sunshine of national esteem.

Early Life

John Quincy Adams was born in Braintree, Mass., on July 11, 1767. During the first years of the American Revolution, he received his education principally by instruction from his distinguished father and gifted mother, the incomparable Abigail. As a boy of ten he accompanied his father on diplomatic missions to Europe. There he learned French fluently in a private school at Paris; next he studied at the University of Leiden. In 1782-1783 he accompanied Francis Dana, as secretary and interpreter of French (then the language of the Russian court), on a journey through the German states to St. Petersburg, returning to Holland by way of Scandinavia and Hannover.

Adams was already extraordinarily well versed in classical languages, history, and mathematics when he returned to the United States in 1785 to finish his formal education at Harvard (class of 1787). After studying law at Newburyport, Mass., under the tutelage of Theophilus Parsons, he settled down to practice at Boston in 1790.

Diplomatic Career

The young lawyer came particularly to George WASHINGTON's attention because of articles he published in Boston newspapers defending the president's policy of neutrality against the diplomatic incursions of Citizen Genet, the new French Republic's minister to the United States. As a result Washington appointed Adams as U.S. minister to the Netherlands, where he served from 1794 to 1797. At The Hague, Adams found himself at the principal listening post of a great cycle of European revolutions and wars, which he continued to report faithfully to his government both from the Netherlands and from his later post as minister to Berlin in 1797-1801. While on a subsidiary mission to England, connected with the exchange of ratifications of Jay's Treaty, he married on July 26, 1797, Louisa Catherine Johnson, one of the seven daughters of Joshua Johnson of Maryland, U.S. consul at London.

President John Adams relieved his son of the post at Berlin immediately after Jefferson's election in 1801. Returning to Boston, John Quincy Adams resumed the practice of law but was soon elected in 1803 as a FEDERALIST to the U.S. SENATE. His independent course as a senator dismayed the Federalist leaders of Massachusetts, particularly the Essex Junto. When he voted for JEFFERSON's embargo, they in effect recalled him by electing a successor two years ahead of time. Adams was then also serving as Boylston professor of oratory and rhetoric at Harvard (1806-1809). He had once more turned to the law when President MADISON appointed him as the first minister of the United States to Russia, where he served from 1809 to 1814.

At the court of Alexander I, Adams again was diplomatic reporter extraordinary of the great events of Europe, including Napoleon's invasion of Russia and his subsequent retreat and downfall. Meanwhile the War of 1812 had broken out between Britain and the United States. After Alexander's abortive attempts at mediation, Adams was called to the peace negotiations at Ghent, where he was technically chief of the American mission. He next served as minister of the United States to England from 1815 to 1817.

As a diplomat John Quincy Adams had made very few mistakes, influenced many people, and made many friends for his country, including particularly Czar Alexander I. His vast European experience made him a vigorous supporter of Washington's policy of isolation from the ordinary vicissitudes and the ordinary combinations and wars of European politics.

Secretary of State

President James MONROE recalled Adams from England to become secretary of state in 1817. He held the office throughout Monroe's two administrations, until 1825. As secretary, Adams, under Monroe's direction and responsibility, pursued the policies and guiding principles that he had practiced in Europe. More than any other man he helped to crystallize and perfect the foundations of American foreign policy, including the Monroe Doctrine, which, however, appropriately bears the name of the president who assumed official responsibility for it and proclaimed it to the world.

Adams' greatest diplomatic achievement as secretary of state was undoubtedly the Transcontinental Treaty with Spain, signed on Feb. 22, 1819 (ratified Feb. 22, 1821). By this treaty Spain acknowledged East Florida and West Florida to be a part of the United States and agreed to a frontier line running from the Gulf of Mexico to the Rocky Mountains and thence along the parallel of 42degrees to the Pacific Ocean. In this negotiation, Adams took skillful advantage of Andrew JACKSON's military incursions into Florida and of Spain's embarrassment in the revolutions of her American colonies. Over the opposition of Henry Clay, ambitious speaker of the House of Representatives, Adams deferred recognition of the independence of the new states of Spanish America until the Transcontinental Treaty was safely ratified. Immediately afterward President Monroe recognized Colombia, Mexico, Chile, the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, and later Brazil and the Confederation of Central America. Peru remained to be recognized by Adams as Monroe's successor. The idea of drawing the frontier line through to the other ocean in the Spanish treaty was Adams' own inspiration. It has been called "the greatest diplomatic victory ever won by a single individual in the history of the United States."

At the same time Secretary Adams defended the northeastern frontier against proposed British "rectifications" and held the line of 49degrees in the Oregon country. Except for an overcontentious wrangle on commercial reciprocity with the British West Indies, his term as secretary of state, in the aftermath of Waterloo, was marked by unvarying successes, including the Treaty of 1824 with Russia. He was perhaps the greatest secretary of state in American history.

Presidency

John Quincy Adams may have been the greatest U.S. secretary of state, but he was not one of the greatest presidents. He was really a minority president, chosen by the House of Representatives in preference to Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford following the inconclusive one-party ELECTION of 1824. In the popular contest Jackson had received the greatest number of votes both at the polls and in the state ELECTORAL COLLEGES, but lacked a constitutional majority. Henry Clay, one of the four candidates in 1824, threw his support to Adams in the House in February 1825, after secret conferences between the two, thus electing Adams on the first ballot. The supporters of Jackson and Crawford immediately cried "corrupt bargain": Clay had put Adams into the WHITE HOUSE in order to become his secretary of state and successor. The judgment of historians is that there was an implicit bargain but no corruption.

President Adams believed that liberty had already been won--at least for white people--by the American Revolution and that this liberty was guaranteed by the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. His policy was to exert national power to make freedom more fruitful for the people. Accordingly he called for strong national policies under executive leadership: the Bank of the United States as an instrument of the national fiscal authority; a national tariff to protect domestic industries; national administration of the public lands for their methodical and controlled disposal and settlement; national protection of the Indian tribes and lands against encroachments by the states; a broad national program of internal physical improvements in highways, canals, and railways; and national direction in the field of education, the development of science, and geographical discoveries. He preferred the word "national" to "federal." His outlook anticipated by nearly a century the "New Nationalism" of Theodore ROOSEVELT and (by a strange reversal in DEMOCRATIC PARTY policy) of Franklin D. ROOSEVELT

Adams as president was too far in advance of his times. The loose democracy of the day wanted the least government possible. And the South feared that his program of national power for internal improvements, physical and moral, under a consolidated federal government might pave the way for the abolition of slavery. He had no real party to back him up. The opposition, with Andrew Jackson as its figurehead and "bargain and corruption" as its battle cry, combined to defeat him for reelection in 1828.

Congressman

In November 1830, more than a year and a half after Adams left the White House, the voters of the 12th (Plymouth) District of Massachusetts elected him to CONGRESS. He accepted the office of congressman eagerly, feeling himself not a party man but, as ex-president, a representative of the whole nation. As a member of Congress the elderly Adams displayed the most spectacular phase of his lifelong career of public service. He preached a strong nationalism against the states' rights and pro-slavery dialectics of John C. CALHOUN. Never an outright abolitionist, he considered himself "bonded" by the Constitution and its political compromises to work for universal emancipation, always within the framework of that instrument. Singlehanded he frustrated the Southern desire for Texas in 1836-1838. In 1843 he helped defeat President John TYLER's treaty for the annexation of Texas, only to see that republic annexed to the United States, by joint resolution of Congress in 1845, after the election of James K. POLK over Henry Clay in 1844.

Adams tried in 1839 to introduce resolutions in Congress for constitutional amendments so that no one could be born a slave in the United States after 1845, but the "gag rule" prevented the discussion of anything relating to slavery. "Old Man Eloquent," as Adams was nicknamed, staunchly defended the right of petition and eventually overthrew the gag in 1844. An abolitionist at heart but not in practice, he tried to postpone the sectional issue over slavery until the North was strong enough and sufficiently united in spirit and determination to preserve the Union and abolish slavery if necessary by martial law.

The Adams Legacy

Personally John Quincy Adams was a man of gruff exterior and coolness of manner--given to ulcerous judgments of his political adversaries, but binding friends to himself with hoops of steel. He was, before Woodrow WILSON, the most illustrious example of the scholar in politics. During all the controversies over slavery, the tariff, Texas, and Mexico, he correctly divined the sentiments of his own constituents. His fellow citizens regularly elected him to Congress from 1830 on, and he died in the House of Representatives on Feb. 23, 1848: "This is the last of earth. I am content."

Of Adams' three sons, only one, the youngest, Charles Francis Adams, minister to Britain during Abraham LINCOLN's presidency, survived him. Charles Francis Adams' four sons, including three famous historians (Charles Francis Adams, Henry Adams, Brooks Adams), carried on the traditions of the Adams family.

Samuel Flagg Bemis
Yale University

For Further Reading

John Quincy Adams left a monumental diary of more than 60 years of his extraordinary life. Charles Francis Adams published 12 octavo volumes of what he judged to be the historical portions of this tremendous document: Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (12 vols., 1874-77). Worthington C. Ford edited seven volumes of selected correspondence and memoranda: Writings of John Quincy Adams (1913-17), but these do not include any material after the year 1823.

A collection of the writings of John Quincy Adams is included in The Adams Papers, a projected 100-volume edition of Adams family documents in the custody of the Massachusetts Historical Society at Boston. The Belknap Press of Harvard University began publication of the series, edited by Lyman H. Butterfield and others, in 1961.

Bemis, Samuel Flagg, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (1949; reprint, Greenwood Press 1981);
id., John Quincy Adams and the Union (1965; reprint, Greenwood Press 1980);
Hargreaves, Mary, The Presidency of John Quincy Adams (Univ. Press of Kan. 1985).

http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/06padam.html

Notes

Frances (Cox) Gatewood made a deed to her gr dau 16 Sep 1776 (Deed Rec BK 31 p. 276) Essex Co. VA. ^[S125]

Notes

((ii)) Helen Campbell m. Lawrence Crawford of Kilbirny

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"He graduated from the SC Medical College in 1837. Prominently identified with the development of agriculture and agricultural science in the South. He originated the Pendleton Formula for the manufacture of fertilizers, was the first to use animal matter as plant food, and he was the first to grind cotton seed cake into meal and use it as an ingredient in the manufacture of fertilizers. He also was the first to develop the fact that phosphoric acid and nitrogen were the two plant constituents that are first exhausted from the soil by ceral and cotton culture. he held the chair of Agriculture and Horticulture at the University of GA from 1872 to 1877. Dr. Pendleton was also a poet and an author as well as a scientist, being the author of the celebrated "Melancthon" papers in the days of the Know Nothings."

"Edmund graduated from the South Carolina Medical School in 1838. He practiced medicine in Sparta, Georgia for many years. Edmund is most notably identified with the development of agriculture and agricultural science in the South. He developed the Pendleton Formula for the manufacture of fertilizers, he was the first to use animal matter as plant food. With his son, William Micajah Pendleton, they were the first to grind cotton seed cake into meal and use it in the manufacture of fertilizers. He was the first to notice that phosphoric acid and nitrogen were taken out of the soil by cereal and cotton. Dr. Edmund Monroe Pendleton held the chair of Agriculture and Horticulture at the University of Georgia from 1872-1877."

Children of EDMUND PENDLETON and SARAH THOMAS are:
i. MARY LOUISE11 PENDLETON, b. Sep 03, 1839; d. Dec 15, 1839.
ii. ADELINE MARIAN PENDLETON, b. Oct 17, 1840; d. Sep 28, 1840, typo ? 1841.
iii. ELIZA ANNE PENDLETON, b. Nov 09, 1841; d. Oct 01, 1842.
iv. EMILY AUGUSTA PENDLETON, b. Dec 26, 1842; d. Oct 26, 1843.

v. EDMUND MONROE PENDLETON, b. June 22, 1845; d. Mar 13, 1861.

vi. PHILIP THOMAS PENDLETON, b. Dec 13, 1847, GA; d. Feb 20, 1892. Marriage 1 Martha Anne NELSON Married: 6 Apr 1870.
vii. WILLIAM MICAJAH PENDLETON, b. Aug 29, 1849, GA; d. Aft. 1930. Marriage 1 Elizabeth TALMADGE Married: 9 Nov 1870
viii. SUSAN FRANCINA PENDLETON, b. July 24, 1851; m. LLEWELLYN HUDSON MUSE, July 22, 1885, Atlanta?.
ix. JAMES COLEMAN PENDLETON, b. May 28, 1853; d. Aug 25, 1929. Marriage 1 Bertha Eugenia SWIFT Married: 20 Dec 1877
x. FRANCIS RITTENHOUSE PENDLETON, b. Aug 25, 1854; d. Sep 28, 1855.
xi. NATHANIEL AUBREY PENDLETON, b. Feb 12, 1856; d. May 12, 1857.

^[S199] ^[S1940] ^[S2036]

Notes

2 William P Sandidge 1854 - b: Abt. 1854 in MO

My Southern Family

Anne

ABT 1535 - ____

ID Number: I2524

Sources

President John Quincey ADAMS 6th of the United States

11 Jul 1767 - 23 Feb 1848

ID Number: I82942

Notes

Sources

Mary Ann BROADDUS

ABT 1750 - AFT 1776

ID Number: I25680

Notes

Sources

HELEN CAMPBELL

ABT 1505 - ____

ID Number: I86263

Notes

Sources

RICHARD CLIFFORD

ABT 1190 - ____

ID Number: I34963

Sources

William COLLARD

ABT 1600 - ____

ID Number: I50884

Sources

Elizabeth HERNDON

ABT 1740 - 1788

ID Number: I95546

Sources

Joseph MARTIN "the Immigrant"

ABT 1739 - ABT 1809

ID Number: I47567

Notes

Sources

Dr. Edmund Monroe PENDLETON Sr.

19 Mar 1815 - 26 Jan 1884

ID Number: I4894

Notes

Sources

William P. SANDIDGE

ABT 1854 - ____

ID Number: I63488

Notes

Sources

Sidney Amelia STEENBERGEN

30 Apr 1773 - 1 May 1861

ID Number: I38284

Sources