I50844: PEDRO "the Cruel" of CastileKing (30 Aug 1334

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Pedro the Cruel of Castile (1350-1369) by Clara Estow
In print, 1995 ISBN 90 04 10094 6 Cloth with dustjacket (xxxvii, 288 pp.)
List price: EUR 133.- / US$ 190.- The Medieval Mediterranean, 6

This product is part of: The Medieval Mediterranean

This work deals with the reign of Pedro I of Castile (1350-1369), known as “The Cruel,” one of the most notorious and misunderstood figures in the annals of peninsular history. This is the first book on the subject that analyzes Pedro's rule in light of social, political, diplomatic, and economic conditions in mid-14th century Castile.
Using extant primary documentation from archival sources and the most recent findings of scholars from various fields, the book explores in detail the historical basis for Pedro's reputation and the extent to which this reputation unfairly rests on the testimony of Pero López de Ayala, the reign's principal chronicler.
The book provides fresh insights into various aspects of Pedro's career, such as his political aims, relations with religious minorities, and fiscal policies.

'The study is well written and effectively conceived, filling a void in historical scholarship in English materials, while distilling the labors of Iberian historians to update perceptions of this often rash but very contemporary ruler of the later 14th century.'

J.F. Powers, Choice, 1996. Readership: Scholars and students of Castilian political, social, and economic history, the Middle Ages, the Hundred Years War, historical biography, Jewish history, the history of Spain, and the history of Spanish literature.

Clara Estow, Ph.D. (1975), Brandeis University, is Professor of Hispanic Studies at the University of Massachusetts at Boston. She has written extensively on social and cultural aspects of medieval Castile.
See: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3670/is_199710/ai_n87 66570

Peter I of Castile Encyclopedia
Peter the Cruel, 1334–69, Spanish king of Castile and León (1350–69), son and successor of Alfonso XI. His desertion of his wife, Blanche of Bourbon, for María Padilla and his favors to the Padilla family aroused the opposition of the nobles and led to several rebellions fomented by Peter's illegitimate half brother, Henry of Trastámara (later Henry II). Peter ruthlessly suppressed the rebellions, but Henry later obtained the help of Aragón, which was already at war with Castile, and France, and in 1366 he invaded Castile with French mercenaries under Du Guesclin. Peter fled, and Henry was crowned king at Burgos in 1366. Peter, however, had allied (1362) himself with England and with the help of Edward the Black Prince, he defeated Henry and Du Guesclin at Nájera (1367). Henry raised a new army with Du Guesclin, defeated Peter at Montiel (1369), and killed him in a duel after the battle. Despite his reputation for cruelty, Peter has many apologists, who see him as a defender of the rights of the commoners and the throne against the turbulent nobles. Peter's daughter Constance married John of Gaunt, who contested Henry II's succession to Castile.

"Genealogical issue of the descent of Her Majesty the Queen from the Prophet Mohammed. I had assumed that it came through the marriage of Eleanor of Castile to King Edward I

The Queen is descended from the marriage of Edmund of Langley, the fifth son of King Edward III, to Isabel of Castile in 1372. She was the daughter of Pedro the Cruel; Pedro the Cruel was descended from the Prophet.

It is Pedro the Cruel’s descent, or possibly that of Mrs Pedro the Cruel, which now worries me. The Queen’s descent from Edmund of Langley is straightforward. It runs through Edward IV, Edmund’s great grandson, to Edward IV’s great grand-daughter, Mary Queen of Scots, down through James I to the Hanoverian line, and so on to the House of Windsor. But is there any reader of The Spectator who can trace the ancestry of Pedro the Cruel? If so, I hope he or she will start a lively correspondence in the letters column."

"Historians believe the Alcazar was started in 913 by Abd Al Raman III, and then expanded by Mohammed V. The credit for today’s Alcazar, however, belongs to King Pedro the Cruel, who lived here in the 1360’s along with the love of his life, Maria de Padilla. He engaged the services of Moorish architects from Granada to produce what you see today. His was an interesting life, portions of which are dramatized in the play El Medico de su Honra, and some of his exploits would bring the Hundred Years War to Spain.

Born to King Alfonso XI and Maria Affonsez (Princess of Portugal) in 1334, Pedro I succeeded his father as King of Castile and Leon. Now, how can a fellow named Pedro be cruel, you ask? If the play were to be believed, it appears that he murdered his brother the Maestre Fadrique as well as his wife Blanche, Princess of Bourbon, so he could carry on his relationship with Maria de Padilla. His longtime nemesis was his illegitimate half-brother, Henry (Enrique) of Trastamara who led several rebellions against him.

In 1366, Henry enlisted the help of France and French mercenaries and succeeded in overthrowing Pedro who fled Castile. But Pedro had friends in high places, as he was astute enough to form an alliance with England several years back. He sought assistance from Edward III who, ignoring the Peace of Calais, sent his son Edward the Black Prince with an army to aid Pedro, thus making Spain a battlefield in the Hundred Years war between France and England. In 1367, Pedro defeated Henry and regained the crown. In 1369, Edward left Spain. Not long after that, Henry and a new army defeated Pedro the Cruel in the Battle of Montiel, and then killed Pedro in one-on-one combat after the battle. Henry crowned himself king as Henry II. John of Gaunt (brother of Edward the Black Prince) used his marriage to Constance, daughter of Pedro the Cruel, to lay claim to the Castilian throne and contest Henry’s rule." http://cimpa.org/seville4.htm

López de Ayala, Pedro (p´thr l´pth th äyä´lä) (KEY) , 1332–1407, Spanish statesman, poet, and chronicler. As a royal official in Castile, he served Peter the Cruel, Henry II, John I, and Henry III, rising to become chancellor of Castile (1398–1407). He is best known for his chronicle of the reigns of the four kings he served; avoiding the fantastic interpretations of earlier historians, he wrote with accuracy and realism. His Cronicas is one of the earliest and useful histories of Spain. He also wrote a satiric poem, Rimado de Palacio, on the social and political problems of his era, and translated Livy, Boccaccio, and others. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2004 Columbia University Press.

AYALA, DON PEDRO LOPEZ DE (1332-1407), Spanish states- man, historian and poet, was born at Vittoria in 1332. He first came into prominence at the court of Peter the Cruel, whose cause he finally deserted; he greatly distinguished himself in I subsequent campaigns, during which he was twice made prisoner, by the Black Prince at Nftjera (1367) and by the Portuguese at Aljubarrota (1385). A favorite of Henry II. and John I. of Castile, he was made grand chancellor of the realm by Henry III. in 1398. A brave officer and an able diplomat, Ayala was one of the most cultivated Spaniards of his time, at once historian, translator and poet. Of his many works the most important are his chronicles of the four kings of Castile during whose reigns he lived; they give a generally accurate account of scenes and events, most of which he had witnessed; he also wrote a long satirical and didactic poem, interesting as a picture of his personal experiences and of contemporary morality. The first part of his chronicle, covering only the reign of Peter the Cruel, was printed at Seville in 1495; the first complete edition was printed in 1779-1780 in the collection of Crbnicas Espanolas, under the auspices of the Spanish Royal Academy of History. Ayala died atCalahorra in 1407.

See Rafael Floranes, Vida literaria de Pedro Lopez de Ayala, in the Documentos inidilos pa~a la historia de Es pane, vols. xix. and xx.; F. W. Schirrmacher, tiber die Glaubwurdigkeit der Chronik Ayalas, in Geschichte von Spanien (Berlin, 1902), vol. v. pp. 510. http://37.1911encyclopedia.org/A/AY/AYALA_DON_PEDRO_LOPEZ_DE.htm

"Why would a Christian ruler dedicated to driving the Muslims from Spain choose Islamic decoration for his palace? The cathedral of Seville was built by Christian architects, so there was no lack of qualified Christian craftsmen. The explanation, I believe, lies in the application of temporal power: Mudejar style was deliberately used to express the authority of Christian kings over subject minorities in terms the subjects could understand. By appropriating the Islamic artistic tradition, Pedro the Cruel was able to express notions of power, luxury and wealth familiar to his Muslim subjects. Islamic palaces and gardens, from Madinat al-Zahra' to the Alhambra, had a long, well-established tradition in the peninsula, providing a large and lavish repertoire of royal symbols. By contrast, Gothic architecture's symbolism had been developed solely for religious purposes.

Mudejar ornamentation was occasionally applied to Christian religious monuments. From a theological point of view might sound rather contradictory. However, the reasons for incorporating an Islamic vocabulary in Catholic churches were similar to those that applied to the Alcázar. First, Islamic motifs were still meaningful to a population which for eight centuries had lived under Islamic rule; and secondly, Mudejar decoration revived the glories of an Islamic past, which had been appropriated by the Christian reconquest.

Despite the fact that the Spanish Inquisition received papal permission in 1479 to destroy Arabic manuscripts, Mudejar architecture exhibiting Arabic inscriptions and Islamic-style stucco and tile decoration continued to flourish in Christian-controlled territories." http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199301/second.flowering-art .of.the.mudejars.htm

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Count Foulques IV de Anjou aka "Rechin". De Anjou Foulques Anjou IV; Faulk IV, Count of Gatinais or Gastinois The Rude.

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Tree #0983 Date of Import: Aug 24, 1998.

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Sarah McDowell Benton, youngest daughter of United States Senator Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri. Sarah McDowell Benton b. abt 1827 dau of Thomas Hart Benton Senator/Senator (1782 - 1858) and Elizabeth McDowell.

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F) Christian Campbell m. Duncan Macfarlane of Arrochar

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Children:
2 Mary Ann GORDON b: 15 Mar 1838 d: 25 Jan 1865
2 James Monroe GORDON b: 26 Jan 1841 d: 27 Mar 1862
2 Rebecca J. GORDON b: 26 Aug 1843 d: 10 Feb 1863 + W. H. EWING b: bef 1845 d: bef 1930
2 George D. GORDON b: 4 Feb 1845 d: 19 Feb 1867
2 Harriett E. GORDON b: 1846 d: 1926
2 Samuel Vorhes GORDON b: 25 Nov 1847 d: 28 Feb 1915 + Diadema DEWEESE b: 20 Oct 1848 d: 18 Mar 1929
2 Martha E. GORDON b: 24 Oct 1851 d: 18 Mar 1926 + Israel J. HILL b: 18 Jun 1847 d: 20 Apr 1909

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"III. Philip Lee((3)) (Richard((2)), Richard((1))), third son of Richard Lee((2)) and Laetitia Corbin, his wife; b. Westmoreland Co., Va., about 1681; d. April, 1744. As he moved to Maryland in 1700, he may have been born earlier than the date given here. He was a member of the Council in Maryland, and a Justice; no further data concerning his career has been discovered. He lived at "Blenheim," in Prince George County in that state.

Philip was twice married: first, Sarah, daughter of Hon. Thomas Brooke (b. 1632; d. 1676), of Brookefield, and Barbara Addison, his wife. Philip((8)) married, second (about 1725 or '26), Elizabeth, widow of Henry Sewall, Gent. Issue, eight children.
Philip Lee's will, dated March 20, 1743, and recorded in Charles City Co., May 1, 1744, can be found in "Lee of Virginia," p. 97."

Children:
2 Richard LEE b: ABT 1708
2 Eleanor LEE b: ABT 1709 + Benjamin FENDALL b: 20 AUG 1708
2 Francis LEE b: ABT 1710
2 Philip LEE b: ABT 1712
2 Thomas LEE b: ABT 1713 d: 1745 + Christiana SIMMS
2 Arthur LEE b: ABT 1716
2 Ann LEE b: ABT 1718 + Unknown RUSSELL
2 Sarah LEE b: ABT 1720

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2 William Macon b: 11 Nov 1693 d: 1 Nov 1773 m. Mary Hartwell (Wife) b. 18 Jun 1703 Marriage: 24 SEP 1719
Children:
Martha Macon b. 12 Aug 1722
Mary Macon b. 9 Mar 1722/23
William H. Macon b. 4 Jan 1724/25
Henry Macon b. 10 Jan 1726/27
Elizabeth Macon b. 15 Feb 1728/29
Sarah Macon b. 21 Feb 1730/31 in "Mt. Prospect", New Kent Co., Va.
Mary Macon b. 17 Apr 1735
Judith Macon b. 12 Aug 1737
Hartwell Macon b. 30 Jun 1741
Anne Macon b. 31 Jul 1747

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Name: Rucker, Susannah Father: Rucker, Peter Mother: Wisdom, Sarah
Birth Date: 1755 State: VA

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My Southern Family

King PEDRO "the Cruel" of Castile

30 Aug 1334 - ____

ID Number: I50844

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FULK IV "Rechin" d' ANJOU Count of Anjou

1043 - 14 Apr 1109

ID Number: I15469

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Harold Brown BARKSDALE

11 Oct 1903 - 4 Mar 1992

ID Number: I63448

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Sarah McDowell BENTON

Mar 1826 - ____

ID Number: I88593

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CHRISTIAN CAMPBELL

ABT 1450 - ____

ID Number: I86223

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John CHASTAIN III

23 Jun 1765 - BEF 2 May 1829

ID Number: I38244

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Susanna COMPTON

ABT 1759 - ____

ID Number: I47527

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THOMAS CORNWALLIS Esq.

1410 - 24 May 1484

ID Number: I42160

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Malda ELLIOTT

ABT 1890 - ____

ID Number: I8175

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John Thompson GORDON

9 Nov 1813 - 17 Jul 1875

ID Number: I82902

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Hon. Phillip C. LEE

1681 - Apr 1744

ID Number: I25640

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William MACON

11 Nov 1693 - 1 Nov 1773

ID Number: I95506

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Susannah RUCKER

1767 - ____

ID Number: I34923

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Margaret WILLIAMS

ABT 1770 - ____

ID Number: I4854

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