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http://earlyamerica.com/review/1998/brant.html
Joseph Brant
Mohawk Chief
Perhaps no Freemason who ever lived in America has been so
condemned by some authors and praised by others as Joseph Brant,
the powerful and influential Mohawk chief who sided with the
British during the American Revolutionary War. On several
occasions, he put into practice the Masonic virtues of brotherly
love, forgiveness, and charity. On others, he exhibited
cold-blooded ruthlessness, savagery and disregard for human
life. Unfortunately, space does not permit a lengthy discussion
of the life or exploits of this remarkable and complex native
American. For a full biography, Reference (1) is the standard
source.
The parents of Joseph Brant were Mohawks whose home was at
Canajoharie on the Mohawk River in New York. Brant, however, was
born on the banks of the Ohio River in 1742 while his parents
were on a hunting excursion to that region, and was given the
Indian name of Thayendanega, meaning "he places two bets". His
father was Nickus (or "Nicholas") of the Wolfe family, who,
although not a chief, was a Mohawk of some standing in the
tribe.
While still in his early youth, Brant became a favorite of Sir
William Johnson, the British superintendent of the northern
Indians of America, who was extremely popular with the tribes
under his supervision. During his time with the Iroquois,
Johnson became particularly close to the Mohawk tribes. He was
also a Mason and a former Provincial Grand Master of the New
York colony. After Johnson’s European wife Catherine died in
1759, he married his former Indian mistress, Molly, who was
Brant’s sister, in an Indian ceremony later that year. It was
due largely to Johnson’s relationship with Molly that Brant
received the favor and protection of Sir William and through him
the British government, which set Brant on the road to
promotion.
Brant and a number of young Mohawks were selected by Johnson to
attend Moor’s Charity School for Indians at Lebanon,
Connecticut--the school which in future years was to become
Dartmouth College. Here he learned to speak and write English
and studied Western history and literature. He is the only one
of those chosen known to have derived any benefit from the
educational process. He left school to serve under Sir William
from 1755-1759 during the French and Indian War (1754-1763).
After this, he became Sir William’s close companion and helped
him run the Indian Department, administered by the British out
of Quebec. He also became an interpreter for an Anglican
missionary and helped translate the prayer book and Gospel of
Mark into the Mohawk language.
About 1768 he married Christine, the daughter of an Oneida
chief, whom he had met in school. Together, they settled on a
farm near Canajoharie which Joseph had inherited. While here,
Brant assisted in revising the Mohawk prayer book and
translating the Acts of the Apostles into the Mohawk language.
He also joined the Anglican Church, was a regular communicant,
and evinced a great desire to bring Christianity to his people.
His wife died of tuberculosis about 1771, leaving him with a son
and a daughter. In 1773, he married his wife’s sister, Susannah,
who died a few months afterward, also of tuberculosis.
In 1774, Sir William Johnson died and was succeeded in his
territories by his son Sir John Johnson, and as Superintendent
of the Indian Department by his son-in-law, Col. Guy Johnson,
both of whom were Masons. The Johnsons, together with Brant and
the Tory leaders Col. John Butler and Col. Walter Butler (also
both Masons) were to become leaders of the Loyalist resistance
and terrorism in Northwest New York.
Those who remained loyal to England, known as "Loyalists" or
"Tories", were not all colonists. Other allies of the British
were numerous Indian tribes, more especially the Iroquois tribes
who occupied the lands from upstate New York south to northern
Pennsylvania with scatterings further south and north and
extending west to the Great Lakes. The Iroquois League, also
known as the Six Nations, was a confederation of upper New York
state Indian tribes composed of the Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas,
Senecas, Oneidas, and Tuscaroras. They lived in comfortable
homes, often better than those of the colonists, raised crops,
and sent hunters to Ohio to supply meat for those living back in
New York.
In August, 1775, the Six Nations staged a big council fire near
Albany , after news of Bunker Hill had made war seem imminent.
After much debate, they decided that such a war was a private
affair between the British and the colonists, and that they
should stay out of it. Brant feared that the Indians would lose
their lands if the colonists achieved independence. The Johnsons
and Brant used all their influence to engage the Indians to
fight for the British cause, and ultimately succeeded in
bringing four of these tribes, the Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas,
and Senecas into an alliance with England -- the Oneidas and
Tuscaroras ultimately sided with the Colonists.
About the year 1776, Brant became the principal war chief of the
confederacy of the Six Nations, due perhaps to the patronage of
the Johnsons and the unusual circumstances in which he was
placed. With this high office of leadership, he also received a
Captain’s commission in the British army in charge of the Indian
forces loyal to the Crown. Immediately after receiving this
appointment, Brant made his first voyage to England. By making
this trip, he gained time, and was enabled to observe for
himself the power and resources of the King and British
government. He also went to protest the policy of Guy Carleton,
commander of the British forces in Canada, who refused to invite
the Six Nations to join the war against the Americans, except to
use 40 to 50 men as scouts.
Brant was well received in England, and was admitted to the best
society. His own education and his close association with
educated men and his naturally easy and graceful manner
facilitated his reception, and as he was an "Indian King" he was
too valuable a person to be neglected. The members of the
British cabinet and the nobility fawned over him; gave him
expensive presents; invited him to their great estates, and
arranged to have his portrait painted by famous artists like
Reynolds, Romney, and others. Among his particular friends was
the English diarist Boswell. He received official assurances
that the Indian Loyalists would be utilized to a greater extent
in the American conflict than that indicated by Carleton. Also
during this trip Brant received the Masonic degrees in either
Falcon Lodge or Hiram’s Cliftonian Lodge in London in April
1776. He had the distinction of having his Masonic apron given
to him from the hand of King George III.
Brant returned from England in time to see some action in the
Battle of Long Island in August 1776. He then departed for his
homeland, traveling by night to elude the Americans guarding the
Hudson highlands and the area around Albany. He told the young
Iroquois braves of his trip to England and of the strength and
friendship of the British. He denounced the Iroquois’ 1775
decision to remain neutral and called the Americans the enemy of
all Indians. A tradition says that he promised each of his
warriors an opportunity "to feast on a Bostonian and to drink
his blood". The speech was received with wild enthusiasm and
Brant departed on a tour of regional Iroquois villages to
similarly stir up support for the British cause.
Brant was certainly not dissuaded or criticized by the British
or the Tories for his efforts. In fact, the intent of the
British with respect to the use of Indians in the Revolutionary
War was aptly expressed in the following poetic example of Gen.
John Burgoyne, Deputy of the British forces in Canada, and taken
from the Introduction to Burgoyne’s Orderly Book, page xxii:
" I will let loose the dogs of hell,
Ten thousand Indians, who shall yell
And foam and tear, and grin and roar,
And drench their moccasins in gore:
To these I’ll give full scope and play
From Ticonderog to Florida..."
Space in the present article does not permit a detailed
discussion of the many battles in which Chief Joseph Brant
played an indirect or a direct part. For a description of these,
the references listed contain some excellent material. Suffice
it to say that his name has been linked with some of the most
notable and infamous engagements of the Revolutionary War--the
siege of Ft. Stanwix; Oriskany; the Wyoming Valley of the Upper
Susquehanna; Mohawk Valley and German Flats; Cherry Valley;
Minesink-Port Jervis; Chemung River-Elmira area; Johnstown; Fort
Plain; Fort Clyde; Fort Plank; Mohawk Valley and the Western
Frontier , all of which occurred during the six year period from
1775-1781.
We now turn to two incidents which are often cited by Masonic
writers in reference to Brant’s association with
Freemasonry--his saving the life of Capt. John McKinstry and his
attempt to save the life of Lt. Boyd.
After the surrender of the American forces at the Battle of the
Cedars on the St. Lawrence River in 1776, Brant exerted himself
to prevent the massacre of the prisoners. In particular, one
Capt. John McKinstry, a member of Hudson Lodge No.13 of New
York, was about to be burned at the stake. McKinstry,
remembering that Brant was a Freemason, gave to him the Masonic
sign of appeal which secured his release and subsequent good
treatment. He and Brant thereafter remained friends for life,
and in 1805 he and Brant together visited the Masonic Lodge in
Hudson, New York, where Brant was well received and on whose
wall his portrait now hangs.
The American general Sullivan, also a Freemason, ambushed the
Indians and Loyalists at Newtown, New York in 1779, resulting in
the flight of the Indians and a march across the state by
Sullivan to the Genesee Valley, destroying the Indian villages
and the power of the Indian confederacy. During this campaign, a
certain Lt. Boyd, a young Freemason and scout for Sullivan, was
ambushed and captured along with a soldier named Parker. In the
words of John Salmon, who was a friend and fellow-soldier of
Boyd, the incident continued as follows: "...When Lieut. Boyd
found himself a prisoner, he solicited an interview with Brant,
whom he well knew commanded the Indians. This chief, who was at
that moment near, immediately presented himself, when Lieut.
Boyd, by one of those appeals which are known only by those who
have been initiated and instructed in certain mysteries, and
which never fails to bring succour to a ‘distressed brother’,
addressed him as the only source from which he could ex pect a
respite from cruel punishment or death. The appeal was
recognized, and Brant immediately, and in the strongest
language, assured him that his life should be spared.
"Lieut. Boyd and his fellow-prisoner Parker were immediately
conducted by a party of Indians to the Indian village called
Beard’s Town…, Brant, their generous preserver, being called on
service which required a few hours absence, left them in the
care of the British Colonel Butler of the Rangers—who as soon as
Brant had left them, Butler commenced an interrogation to obtain
from the prisoners a statement of the number, situation, and
intentions of the army under Gen. Sullivan...." (2)
Another authority (3) continues: "...Butler ordered Boyd placed
kneeling before him, with an Indian on each side, one holding
his arms, and another with a tomahawk raised over his head.
Butler then three times asked of Boyd information which his
loyalty to his commander would not permit him to give. ‘Boyd’,
he said, ‘ Life is sweet, you had better answer me’. ‘Duty
forbids’, was Boyd’s reply, ‘ I would not if my life depended
upon the word.’ Boyd three times refused and Butler delivered
him to the infuriated Indians who put him and Parker to death
with terrible torture, he remaining faithful to the last to his
trust, (and) forfeited his life rather than yield up his
integrity."
Returning to Salmon’s account (2), " ... The bodies of Lieut.
Boyd and Private Parker (who were killed by
decapitation--author) were found and buried near the banks of
Beard’s Creek, under a bunch of wild plum-trees....I was one of
those who committed to the earth the remains of my friend and
companion in arms the gallant Boyd....The foregoing account,
according to the best of my recollection, is strictly correct."
Thus it would seem that Brant, the "savage", was more charitable
in his actions toward his patriot Brothers than were the British
Tory Freemasons with whom he was in league. But we should not
forget that Brant had received the education of a civilized man,
had read the Scriptures, and professed to be a Christian and a
Freemason, and he knew that the rapine and atrocities practiced
by the Indians were unjustifiable. One can only wonder why Brant
did not release Boyd and Parker after he had agreed to spare
them, or why he did not have greater influence and control over
his Indians to prevent the execution of these unfortunates at
Butler’s hands.
In spite of their defeat by Sullivan, the Iroquois raids
persisted until the end of the war and many homesteads had to be
abandoned. About 1782, Brant married for the third time to
Catherine Croghan, daughter of an Irishman and a Mohawk. He
discouraged further Indian warfare, but kept his commission in
the British army. He was awarded a tract of 675,000 acres on the
Grand River in Ontario to which he led 1,843 Mohawk and other
Indian Loyalists in 1784 where they settled and established the
Grand River Reservation for the Mohawk.
He became affiliated with Lodge No. 11 at the Mohawk village at
Grand River of which he was the first Master (presiding
officer); he later affiliated as well with Barton Lodge No.10 at
Hamilton, Ontario. In later years, the town of Brantford,
Ontario, on the Grand River was named for him.
Due to some legal difficulties with the title to the Reservation
land, Brant again went to England in 1785, where he was again
well received. At this time, he was able to obtain compensation
for Mohawk losses in the U.S. War for Independence and received
funds for the first Episcopal Church in Upper Canada, but failed
to obtain firm title to the Reservation, whose legality remains
in question today (5). On being presented to the King, he
declined to bend his knee or kiss his hand, saying," I bow to no
man for I am considered a prince among my own people. But I will
gladly shake your hand." (5) However, he added he would
willingly kiss the hand of the Queen. Again, he sustained
himself well in the best circles of the British metropolis, and
became a friend and companion of the Prince of Wales. Another
objective of his visit was to find out whether the Indians could
rely on the support of Great Britain if a general war between
the Indians and the United States should erupt. The British
government declined comment on so delicate a matter, and
referred him to the governor of Canada. Brant returned home to
Canada in 1786.
The United States government sought his aid in securing an end
to the wars with the Indians in the North- west Territories
newly ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris, and he
went alone to Philadelphia in 1792 for a meeting with President
Washington and his cabinet; and he claimed to have received 1000
guineas down payment, plus the offer of an ultimate reward of
20,000 pounds for arranging " a peace with the Ohio Indians". He
assured the United States he would help, but upon his return
home he changed his mind and actually worked to foment unrest
and rebellion among the Ohio valley Indians against the
Americans, traveling in the American West to promote an
all-Indian confederacy to resist land cessions. Following this,
he devoted the remainder of his life to the interests and moral
improvement of his tribe, continuing his missionary work and
translations of Bible passages into the Mohawk language.
Brant constructed for himself a spacious dwelling in Canada,
where he lived in handsome style with a host of slaves, as many
as the aristocratic Virginians who would later rule the United
States. His clothes were of the finest material, and in his
luxurious home elaborate meals were served on crisp Irish linen.
At home, he was a hospitable and convivial man, treating those
who visited him kindly and courteously. His children were all
well educated and his sons Joseph and Jacob were sent to
Dartmouth. Unhappily, in 1795, his oldest son, Isaac, made a
drunken assault on his father, who drew his dagger and inflicted
a mortal wound. The case came before the Council of Sachems and
Warriors, which exonerated Brant on the grounds of self-defense.
Also, throughout his life, Brant maintained friendly relations
with the English, and favored the introduction of agriculture
and the useful arts among his tribe. (15)
What more, then, can be said about this remarkable individual,
who was at ease drinking tea from fragile china cups, but could
also hurl a tomahawk with deadly accuracy? We know that he was
well educated; his compositions are highly respectable in point
of thought and style, far beyond many of the farmers he had
fought against. Perhaps it would have been impossible for Brant
to have supported the American cause; he being too vain and too
closely allied with the British Lords of the Mohawk valley to
consider casting his lot with the humble farmers who spoke of
freedom. For Brant, they had the stink of manure and earth about
them; he was more familiar with buckled shoes and cologne. It is
hard to imagine any other native American, though, who profited
so greatly from the Revolutionary War. (15)
Brant died on November 24, 1807, at the age of nearly sixty-five
years, at his own house on Grand River, Ontario, and was buried
by the side of the Episcopal church he had built there. In 1850
Freemasons restored his tomb and placed an inscription on it,
and a bronze statue of him was unveiled at Brantford in 1886.
His last words, uttered to his adopted nephew, were: " Have pity
on the poor Indians; if you can get any influence with the
great, endeavor to do them all the good you can." (4)
REFERENCES
Stone, William L., Life of Chief Joseph Brant, Thayendanega,
1838.
O’Reilly, G. H., Sketches of Rochester, 1838.
Morse, Sidney, "Freemasonry in the American Revolution", Little
Masonic Library Vol. III, Southern Publishers,Inc., Kingsport,
TN, 1946, pp.294-296.
McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, Vol. II,
1854.
Penick, Tom, The Story of Joseph Brant, Indigenous Peoples’
Literature, http://www.indians.org/welker/Brant.htm, 1996.
Hines, Thomas, The Great League in Turmoil: A Look at the
Iroquois of New York During the American Revolution , Old
Dominion University Historical Review,
http://www.odu.edu/~hanley/history1/Hinse.htm, 1996.
Van Tyne, Claude, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, The
MacMillan Co., 1959.
Cook, Fred J., Dawn over Saratoga, Doubleday & Co., Inc., Garden
City, NY, 1973.
Coil, Henry W., Coil’s Masonic Encyclopedia, Macoy Publishing
Co., New York, 1961.
Garrison, Webb, Sidelights on the American Revolution, Abingdon
Press, Nashville, TN, 1974.
Crary, Catherine (Editor), The Price of Loyalty, McGraw-Hill
Co., New York, 1973.
Chidsey, Donald B., The War in the North, Crown Publishers,
Inc., New York, 1967.
Dupuy R.E. and Dupuy T.N., The Compact History of the
Revolutionary War, Hawthorn Books, Inc., New York, 1966.
Marshall, George L.,Jr., "Chief Joseph Brant", Knight Templar
Magazine, Vol. XXIII, No. 11, November, 1977, pp.5-8.
Horan, James D., The McKenny-Hall Portrait Gallery of American
Indians, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1972.
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Mother: EGIDIA KEITH |
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Mother: Sarah REED |
Judge John Green , (Willis , Duff , Robt. ), + Sarah Adams Fry
b: Abt 1786
1. Dr. Willis, m. Louisa Smith .
2. Peachy , who m. Rev. R. A. Johnstone , of Danville, Ky. ; and
had Mary , m. Mr. Hogutt ; Alice , and Dr. Arthur .
3. Sarah Reed , who m. Jno. Barkley , and had Jno. G. , of
Danville, Ky. ; Mary , m. Rev. W. R. Brown , near Chicago ;
Jessamine , m. E. W. C. Humphreys , of Louisville ; Martha , m.
W. L. Green , Jr., of Peoria, Ill. ; Ada , m. Nat Lafox , of
Harrodsburg, Ky. ; and Wm. Craig , of Louisville .
4. Rev. Joshua Fry , m. Harriet Booker ; died in Memphis ; had
Louisa , Sallie and William , who lived in Little Rock. Joshua
Fry, Rev., a distinguished Presbyterian minister.
5. Susan who m. Jas. Weir , of Owensboro, Ky. , had Jno. G. , m.
Lizzie Griffith ; Belle , m. Clinton Griffith ; Authur , Jas. ,
Susan , and Dora .
6. Rev. Wm. L.a distinguished Presbyterian minister, who m.
Susan Weir , had Wm. L. , m. Martha Barkeley , of Peoria .
Children by Mary Keith Marshall:
7. Thos. Marshall, m., 1st. Nannie Butler , 2nd. Pattie Craig ,
and had Jno. Allen , Bessie Logan , Pierce Butler , Lettie Craig
, Wm. O. Butler , Mary Keith , Pattie Craig and Nannie Thomas .
8. John Duff , who m. Ida Triplett of St. Louis. John Duff, of
St. Louis, Missouri, born March 12, 1839; d. 1862; educated at
Center College, Kentucky. , a distinguished Lawyer; m. 1862,
Illa Triplett, dau. of Hon. Philip and(Hopkins) Triplett, of
Kentucky.
_Robert Duff GREEN "the Immigrant"___+ | (1693 - 1748) m 1720 _Duff GREEN Gent.____| | (1730 - 1771) | | |_Eleanor DUNN _______________________+ | (1700 - 1793) m 1720 _Willis GREEN _______| | (1752 - 1813) m 1783| | | _Henry "Harry" WILLIS of Willis Hill_+ | | | (1690 - 1740) m 1726 | |_Sarah Anne WILLIS __| | (1731 - 1820) | | |_Mildred LEWIS ______________________+ | (1691 - 1733) m 1726 | |--John GREEN Judge | (1786 - 1838) | _____________________________________ | | | _____________________| | | | | | |_____________________________________ | | |_Sarah REED _________| (1762 - ....) m 1783| | _____________________________________ | | |_____________________| | |_____________________________________
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Mother: Ann |
Elisha Hurt: 67-9A41-1749, Caroline County, Va. "At a Court held
for Caroline County, Va. on 5-12-1749. Elisha Hurt was a witness
to the will of his father, William Hurt, the elder, dated
4-11-1748 and probated in Caroline County on 5-12-1749. (Order
Book 1746-1754, page 147, Caroline County, Va.)."
"(2) Elisha Hurt. He died before 1768 and left no children
(67-69)".
_William HURT Sr."the Immigrant"_+ | (1614 - 1704) m 1650 _John HURT I_________| | (1655 - 1723) | | |_Margaret________________________ | (1620 - 1704) m 1650 _William "The Elder" HURT _| | (1680 - 1749) m 1700 | | | _Henry WEBBER Gent.______________ | | | (1650 - ....) | |_Sarah WEBBER _______| | (1655 - 1724) | | |_________________________________ | | |--Elisha HURT | (1710 - 1768) | _________________________________ | | | _____________________| | | | | | |_________________________________ | | |_Ann_______________________| (1680 - 1749) m 1700 | | _________________________________ | | |_____________________| | |_________________________________
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_RICHARD SCROPE _____ | (0992 - 1067) m 1022 _OSBORNE FitzRichard SCROPE _| | (1025 - ....) | | |_AGNES FITZ GILBERT _+ | (0996 - ....) m 1022 _SIMON SCROPE _______| | (1056 - ....) | | | _____________________ | | | | |_____________________________| | | | |_____________________ | | |--WALTER le SCROPE | (1080 - ....) | _____________________ | | | _____________________________| | | | | | |_____________________ | | |_____________________| | | _____________________ | | |_____________________________| | |_____________________
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Mother: Jane LEA\LEE |
_Thomas TINSLEY II___+ | (1645 - 1715) m 1684 _Edward TINSLEY Sr.__| | (1704 - 1782) m 1724| | |_Sarah JACKSON ______+ | (1665 - 1744) m 1684 _Isaac TINSLEY Sr.___| | (1738 - 1814) m 1772| | | _James TAYLOR II_____+ | | | (1675 - 1730) m 1699 | |_Margaret TAYLOR ____| | (1705 - 1782) m 1724| | |_Martha THOMPSON ____+ | (1679 - 1762) m 1699 | |--Richard TINSLEY | (1774 - ....) | _William LEA\LEE Sr._+ | | (1710 - 1770) | _Ambrose LEA\LEE ____| | | (1730 - 1764) m 1752| | | |_Rachel AMBROSE? ____ | | (1710 - ....) |_Jane LEA\LEE _______| (1756 - 1833) m 1772| | _George PENN I_______+ | | (1706 - 1749) m 1730 |_Frances PENN _______| (1734 - 1812) m 1752| |_Ann FLEMING ________+ (1706 - 1794) m 1730
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