Yellowstone Trails – Part 2

 

Revised 10 May 2003 Added detailed map of Section between East Fork and Pryor Creek

 

This section identifies the second expedition trail created by James Sawyers in 1866. This trail, passing through the area below Yellowstone County is generally considered to be the “Bozeman Trail”. The trail blazed by Sawyers differs slightly from the Bozeman Trail as defined on current maps. After Jim Bridger established the route from Fort Kearny to Fort C. F. Smith in August 1886, the Army was created a new Bozeman Trail road section leading to the Big Horn River. This trail differs slightly from the Sawyers Expedition route created in July 1866 that led to the Big Horn River. Jim Bridger stated in his reports that the Army hired him to map out a safe trail for the route to Bozeman, and then they created the physical trail [now a road] leading to Bozeman. This was 20 miles shorter than the 1865 Sawyers’ trail. The section between the Bog Horn and the Yellowstone wasn’t developed. This is probably the route indicated on the 1871 land survey maps.

Although not part of the Sawyers Trail Expeditions, when the Bozeman Trail was created, the emigrants passing through Montana Territory were told that the Indians had sold the Powder River road [Spring 1866] and that they could use it to get to the gold fields much quicker. Crazy Horse quoted what he heard the whites [Army Commanders at Fort Laramie] were told: “Just follow the Bozeman stakes from the Platte along the east slope of the Big Horns to the Yellowstone, Road fit for wagons all the way.” Reports from Indian runners were coming in daily to Crazy Horse, Worm, and Hump who remained on Powder River while others, including Man Afraid and Red Cloud went to Fort Laramie [on the Holy Road] in June, 1866 to discuss the road to be put through “their” land. Red Cloud and Man Afraid demanded to understand everything in detail about what was to be in the treaty so that there would be no surprises later, as with the Cheyenne’s in Smoky Hill country. When they heard the shocking news about a Powder River Road being part of the treaty through their land both started to leave, but stayed and learned that the road was the old trail, well traveled, and not any new one. “But where was this old road, where did it go?” They asked. The only one they knew of was a very old and well-traveled buffalo trail where their tribe travois with poles through their hunting ground. “They had come this long way to talk of an old road?” They were told yes, and that the white father had many gifts for them; ”Tobacco, coffee, sugar, blankets, calico, knives and hatchets.” All were ready for them when they signed. During the meeting several long trains of wagons, with a large military escort arrived. They questioned why so many soldiers when there is peace, “Whom did they want to fight?” Part of Indian council members went to Col Carrington’s new camp [Fort Kearny] and asked him where he was going?  Carrington stated he was going to the Powder River to build forts. Red Cloud and Man Afraid realized that they were being lied to [Powder River is not in line with the route to Virginia Cities gold fields], and that they were actually talking about building a new road through their land! At this point the Indians left the council and headed home, planning how to kill the whites who might try to cross into their land between Powder River and the Yellowstone. They watched as Carrington started to build a stockade in the rolling foothills on the fork of the Piney Creek. Crazy Horse and Lone Bear watched while they built the fort, but couldn’t yet understand why they constructed a fort so far from good grass and wooded lands! Red Cloud prepared for war. Dull Knife, chief of the Cheyenne’s, visited Carrington and asked if they wanted war or peace? Jim Bridger was lead scout for Carrington, and he showed Dull Knife around camp. Later that night, after Dull Knife left and camped with a trader called Gasseau, the Lakota’s entered the camp [within eyesight of the fort] and demanded to know what was said to them at the camp. They were told that the whites are staying, and that they had many fine gifts for signing a paper. The Lakota’s took their bows and whipped the faces of the Cheyenne for their stupidity. They then killed all excepting the trader’s Lakota wife and children. [1] [This was the start of the formal road, laid out by Jim Bridger for Col Carrington, and based on the start of the route created by John Bozeman and James Sawyers], and built by the Army through the reservation land and west to the Yellowstone].

Distance Traveled to Reach the Clark’s Fork Crossing

            Big Horn to Buster Creek       16.7 miles

            Buster Creek to Hay Creek     12.3

            Hay Creek to Wolf Creek       15.7

            Wolf Creek to Clark’s Fork    12.1 [Same place as 1865]

                                                            56.8 miles [29.2 miles less than in 1865]

Sawyers 2^nd Expedition

This was the second road-building expedition undertaken by James Sawyers and his construction crews. The route he established was generally considered to be a refinement of the previous 1865 route established earlier. Learning from the experiences of his 1865 trip, he was able to shorten the route through the “South Hills” area, located between the Big Horn River crossing and Clark’s Fork River. On the west side of Clark’s Fork River he intersected the Bridger Trail created some years earlier by Jim Bridger. This trail went five miles northwest to Rock Creek, and they crossed about one mile below where Joliet is currently located. On the west side of Rock Creek, the earlier created Bozeman Trail joined this new one. After James Sawyers created this new trail, Jim Bridger made a final adjustment to the route at Rosebud Creek. That change is not covered in this report.

We pick up his construction efforts on July 26^th, where they had been corralled on the Little Big Horn River. From there they travel to the Big Horn River, arriving there on the evening of the 27^th. They find that the river is high, and cannot locate a crossing. They attempted to make a raft, but abandoned the effort after it was determined that it was too unwieldy, so they started to search upstream for a better crossing.

Segment 1 – Reaching the Big Horn River

This segment of travel is very strange, in that just the year before Sawyers had made it to the river by following War Man Creek.  This time he missed the trail somewhere south of the area, ending up following Soap Creek to its mouth where it joined the Big Horn. This location was sometimes referred to as “Spotted Rabbit Crossing”, or “Emigrant Crossing”.   On July 16^th, before having all of his followers, he passed through the same gap in Pumpkin Buttes [Wyoming] that he did the previous year. From here he traveled to Fort Reno [Fort Connor; e.g. Reno Station] and met up with four additional wagons. They traveled northwest paralleling the mountain ranges and arrived at Lake de Smet, near where Fort Kearny was being built. The trail passed about one mile to the south of the lake. The Zoller wagon train with 32 wagons joined Sawyers here. From here they traveled to the Little Big Horn River.

The trail starts with Sawyers having crossed Soap Creek and followed it up to the mouth of the Big Horn River.

Key factors stated by Sawyers used to establish the route were[2]:

1)      Broke camp at 5 am [27^th July], fine day- After following the road about 4 miles we turned to the right to avoid a very steep and rocky hill and made a new road through a more level country- Crossed a tributary of the Big Horn [Soap Creek] whose course we followed for some miles and nooned on its banks, 10 5/10 miles. Wood, water, and grass good. Five miles further and we reached the Big Horn at 5 pm. The Big Horn is a rapid turbid stream from 4 to 500 feet in width and from 6 to 10 feet deep in the channel, with quicksand bottom close to the bank, and boulder bottom bed in the current – Timber principally Cottonwood. Total distance traveled 15 5/10 miles. [Spotted Rabbit Crossing[3]]

2)      Spent the morning [July 28^th] attempting to find a ford but failed owing to the River being unusually high- Then constructed a good strong raft and attempted to stretch a rope across the River, but failed owing to rapid current and the raft being too unwieldy to manage without a rope was useless- Night coming on closed our labors.

3)      Took four men and went up the river 6 miles to search for a ford, when I discovered on the opposite bank some wagons corralled. On approaching them I ascertained that they had a flat[boat] which would answer to float the wagons over, the stock having to be swam across- For the use of the flat they asked the modest sum of $7.50 per wagon, and allow us to do all the work. These wagons were surrounded by a high earth work and belonged to Messr [Cyrenius] Beers & Co. His train, which passed here some 12 days before and had an encounter with the Arrapahoes, losing 60 mules and having one man wounded who still lies inside the corrall in a dangerous condition-[4] Returning to camp I brought the train up, corralling them close to the crossing.[5]

4)      Weather cloudy & cool- light showers of rain- Commenced crossing the wagons at 4 pm and by 6 pm all the wagons were safely over and the stock with the exception of one ox which was lost.

 

 

 

 

 

Comment: The crossing he made was essentially six miles further upstream from the place he crossed the year before [Spotted Rabbit Crossing.] It is located about 400 yards to the north of where Fort C. F. Smith originally stood [Fort C. F. Smith was at the head waters of Lime Kiln Creek] is generally considered to be “The Bozeman Trail Crossing.” Most maps show this point as the spot where the trail crossed the river. Why Sawyers changed direction, and used a longer route to reach the Big Horn River is still a mystery, but he must have decided to reach the Spotted Rabbit Crossing he used the year before by trying to locate it more directly. At the same time Sawyers was sent by Congressional leaders to create a new trail for the Bozeman Trail, Jim Bridger carried a news dispatch in July 1866 to Col. Carrington, who was constructing Fort Carrington near Lake de Smet, to change its name to Fort Kearny. Col. Carrington at the time was spending so many resources escorting emigrants, carrying mail and fighting Indians, that he had two officers alternating as officer of the day and command of detachments. In early August 1866, he sent Col. Kinney and two companies northwest to establish Fort C. F. Smith. This fort was to contain a strong garrison there to fight off the Sioux and local miners, former Confederate Soldiers, who were eager to join the Sioux and fight the bluecoats. They arrived at the site on August 12, 1866, just after the Sioux had stampeded about 100 mules from an emigrant train [Beers Train]. Col. Carrington then was given orders to map out a wagon road from Fort C. F. Smith and on to Virginia City, an expected distance of 365 miles. He immediately sent Jim Bridger to locate the best and shortest route. Jim mapped out a road that was 345 miles in length, and he identified where an additional 30 miles could be cut off soon as it was safe to do so[6]. This was accomplished as Sawyers was creating the shortcut presented here, and it eventually became the “Bozeman Trail” as we now know it. Jim Bridger made other refinements to areas outside of this area’s presentation soon thereafter. During this short time frame, Bridger and Sawyers apparently never crossed paths!

Segment 2 – Travel to Buster Creek (July 31 – August 1)

Before leaving camp, Sawyers hired a half-breed guide, from the ferry location, to assist in guiding him through Pryor’s Gap on the way to Clark’s Fork. [Pryor’ Gap was the name Sawyers used to refer to the land area passing through Pryor Creek. It is several miles south of Devil’s Gap.]  He plans to travel west in an attempt to save about 26 miles of travel from his previous year’s journey.

Having been unsuccessful in crossing the river at Spotted Rabbit Crossing, Sawyers ferried at about the same location he tried the year before and failed. The route starts on July 30^th, and proceeds west.

Key factors stated by Sawyers used to establish the route were[7]:

1)      At this point I hired a half breed to guide me through Pryor’s Gap [Devil’s Gap]]- I agreed to pay him $4 per day and board and take him to Bozeman city where he lived.  Broke camp at 4 am- Three miles of level road across the bottom brought us to the bluff up which we made a road, which the teams had no difficulty in ascending- then came to a high level plateau, and after 6 1/10 miles camped on a spring [in a] ravine [Gold Spring]. – Plenty of wood, grass and splendid water- In the afternoon traveled 10 6/10 miles crossing 4 small creeks on all of which we made good crossings, by grading down the banks, and corralled at 6 pm on fork of the Nez Parese [Nez Perce eg, Buster Creek, a fork of Beauvais Creek]- Plenty of wood, and grass good. Total distance traveled 16 7/10 miles.

 

Comment: This route starts by following an apparent Indian Trail, and he stays close to the ridgelines as he travels west. This section map shows the trail leading to his noon rest stop at Gold Spring.

 

 

 

 

This map continues from the one above. Gold Spring is about 1/10^th mile inside of the right border.

Key factors stated by Sawyers used to establish the route were[8]:

1)      Then came to a high level plateau, and after 6 1/10 miles camped on a spring [in a] ravine [Gold Spring]. – Plenty of wood, grass and splendid water- In the afternoon traveled 10 6/10 miles crossing 4 small creeks on all of which we made good crossings, by grading down the banks, and corralled at 6 pm on fork of the Nez Parese. Plenty of wood, and grass good. Total distance traveled 16-7/10 miles.

According to the mileage he must have camped on a fork of Beauvais Creek now called Scott Creek. It branches off the Buster Creek fork immediately below Beauvais junction, and can easily be taken to be Buster Creek. There is a stone monument located on Buster Creek, overlooking the route. If he camped on Buster Creek, he would have traveled 1.2 miles less. The land was quite flat, excepting for the creek banks that had to be graded for crossing. He traversed the countryside by staying fairly close to the ridgelines. Evidently his new guide was familiar with the countryside, and they avoided severe canyon crossings had he traveled straight west. It is conjectured that the guide was originally from Bozeman. It is this guide who probably provided the directions all the way to Clark’s Fork.

 

 

 

Segment 3 – Travel to Hay Creek Camp (August 1, 1866)

Sawyers follows Beauvais Creek and Scott Creek, along their south banks, and crosses Beauvais Creek about 4 ½ miles west from his 31 July camp. His trail starts out about one mile north of the Bozeman Trail route indicated on the BLM maps, and then crosses that trail when he reaches Beauvais Creek at noon. He then stays south of the BLM trail, and at his Hay Creek camp he is two miles south of that trail.

Key factors stated by Sawyers used to establish the route were[9]:

1)      Broke camp at 5am. Weather warm- road through broken country, crossed by numerous ravines on which much labor had to be done.- Crossed 4 small creeks, all good camping grounds- Nooned on the Nez Perese River [Beauvais Creek], here a mere creek full of  Beaver dams- our camp seems fairly walled in by mountains and Buttes- Made 8 1/10 miles- Mercury 90º in the shade. Started again at 2 pm- road through Pryor’s Gap [Devil’s Gap] rough. Emerging from the hills are corralled on a small stream [Hay Creek], swollen by a Beaver dam, which we cut away- A fine Beaver was killed, hence the name Beaver Creek- Made 4 2/10 miles in the afternoon. Total distance 12 3/10 miles.

 

Comment:  Sawyers followed along the south edge of Beauvais Creek until noon. In the afternoon he went northwest [present day Bozeman Trail marking] until he reached East Pryor Creek [Fork of the Pryor Creek]. There he crossed the creek and followed up the draw going south west through the pass called “Devil’s Gap”, and then due west to his campsite on Hay Creek. This is a difficult trail to simply stumble on, and his guide certainly knew the country.

 

Segment 4 – Travel to Wolf Creek Camp (August 2, 1866)

Here Sawyers stuck mainly to the ridgelines and had a fairly level travel route to his noon camp. He then followed the Macheta Creek valley flat land, and then continued on to Wolf Creek, where he camped. [Wolf Creek is a south branch of Cottonwood Creek.] The travel from his noon rest stop [Pryor] to the campsite is essentially the same as the present day Bozeman Trail location.

Key factors stated by Sawyers used to establish the route were[10]:

1)      Broke camp at 5 am. Weather clear and warm- road better- Camped at noon on Pryors Fork [Pryor Creek] of the Yellowstone River, a fine stream with a gravel bed, about 25 feet wide and one and one half feet deep, with fine grass and plenty of fuel- made 9 2/10 miles- Broke camp at 2 pm. Crossed some hills requiring much grading- Made 6 5/10 miles and corralled at 7 pm on Wolf Creek. General course west- Total distance 15 7/10 miles.

Comment: It has been reported that he probably camped on Macheta Creek, but that distance is too short for the day’s travel. The land was fairly level, accounting for his rapid travel. Wolf Creek generally has water during the late summer months. A detailed examination of the route traversed between Ranges 26 & 27 East show that he traveled on what now currently exist local access roads for virtually all the way. This would imply that after his route was established, and the land developed, the local residents simply continued to use this trail segment route for movement between sections of land, delivery of wagon supplies, leaseholder access and other uses. After the land was surveyed and platted, these access roads remained, cutting through the local residents land. There are virtually no roads developed in this area that follow any of the survey land boundaries, as evident in non-Indian lands. These roads are not accessible to the general public, and cut across numerous landholder and common Crow Reservation land holdings. When the BIA created HWY 18 the main artery of travel, as depicted by the referenced route map, this road was abandoned. This is really the Bozeman Trail (Sawyer’s 1866 Route) as most researchers know it.

 

 

Segment 5 – Travel to Clark’s Fork River Camp (August 3, 1866)

Sawyers has a slight downhill travel, crossing Five-Mile Creek and then camping on the east bank of the river (Edgar.)

Key factors stated by Sawyers used to establish the route were[11]:

 

1)      Broke camp at 5 am. Weather cool and cloudy. 12 1/10 miles brought us to the Clark’s Fork of the Yellowstone River- This is a beautiful stream about 150 feet wide and at present 4 feet deep- gravel bed.

2)      Had to raise our wagon beds about one foot in order to cross without damaging our supplies, which we accomplished and corralled on the opposite side (west) at 7 pm. The road today was through a fine rolling country with some ravines on which we did considerable grading to make good crossings.

 

 

 

Travel Route for Nellie Fletcher[12]

The wagon train departed Fort Laramie 9 June 1866. The army stopped them some two miles distant and required them to have no less than 30-armed men. Numerous Indians were camped nearby, apparently attending a meeting for a treaty regarding use of the Bozeman Trail. All was reported that the treaty was to “come off this month.” This was about one month before Sawyers passed through the same area on his 2^nd road building expedition. They organized a train under the command of a Mr Caldwell, and left that day. On the 13^th they had 35 wagons in the train. On the 19^th Nellie’s group joined another large train that was using oxen, so the travel was slower. There were 25 wagons in the train, and 60 men.

30 June            Reached the Big Horn River, finding that there was three trains already camped there, waiting to cross by ferry. Indians were on the other side.

1 July               The ferry was operated by the Reed train, and he took the Fletcher group across with him ahead of the others. They were now part of the Reed train

2 July               All are across the river

3 July               Started out at 7 am, and traveled quite late to find water.

4 July               Many bad places to cross, camped on a dry creek at noon. In the afternoon “passed through a long range of rocks which looked like walls which had been built. They extended from 5 to 10 miles[13]. There was a regular gateway. Camped near a cool spring.[14]”

5 July               Crossed a clear stream [Pryor Creek]. Had a wagon break down two miles further on, and spent the day there.

6 July               Came to a very steep place at noon. Some of the roughest looking country[15]

7 July               After a couple of miles had to go over the bluffs. On the right was a steep bank, which overlooked the Clark’s Fork and the Yellowstone Rivers (ten miles distant.)

Remarks:         This would imply that they followed the John Bozeman route to Pryor Creek, rather than taking the Wetts Creek cutoff, and then coupled onto the Sawyers’ route through the bluffs leading to the river, and on south to the area near Silesia.

Travel Route Summaries for the area between the Big Horn River and Pryor Creek (Prior to August 1866)

There were four wagon trains with  diaries written, that passed through the region in 1866 before Sawyers had opened up the new route.

1)      Thomas Miles              Left on June 8^th. Were given a sketch, and told that they would cross some five streams before reaching the Yellowstone. After three days they crossed eight to ten streams and were lost. On the 15^th they reached the Yellowstone and descended steep bluffs and reached the river bottom [opposite of Billings.]

2)      Richard Lockey          They used Campbell’s guidebook, but it was inaccurate. Left on June 20^th. Roads very rough and cut by train ahead. Made 13 miles. On June 21^st passed Pryor Gap[16] and made 21 miles. On June 22^nd roads very rough and hilly. At 3 pm saw the Yellowstone[17]. Jack & Dan went ahead and saw the Segel’s train. They made a road across the hills and took two days to go four miles. Traveled 16 miles today. Jone 23^rd was raining and had to pull wagons by hand much of the time. Arrived at the Segel camp, and then took stock to river, seven miles away.

3)      Theodore Bailey          Left June 29^th. Struck for the road as their ferry was about three miles above the crossing. Camped on a dry flat. On June 30^th camped at noon on a spring of cool water. Camped on the Nez Perce (Pryor Creek.) July 1^st, traveled over roughest hills yet.  Used ropes to let down wagons through narrow ledges. At noon saw the Yellowstone from top of high hill. Went down to river through a 45 degree bank; lowered wagons by rope.

4)      Ellen Fletcher              See above.

5)      Mr Cooper                   Followed immediately after the Fletcher/Reed Train, no information located. [At various times was ahead of the Reed train.]

6)      James Sawyers            Left August 1, 1866. See details above

7)      William Thomas          August 11^th were camped on east side of Big Horn along with the government troops that accompanied them. The troops were to establish Fort CF Smith at the site. On the 12^th went to the fort, five miles distant, and camped there. On the 13^th crossed the river. Ten miles behind them was a train of 350 wagons pulled by oxen. August 15^th drove 10 miles and camped on a little creek [Muddy Creek. This was the first team to travel over the new Sawyers’ route.]

 

Surveyor General Montana Territory Maps

 

After the control point for surveying Montana was established, the Surveyor General provided annual reports to the government about the survey progress. These maps provide insight and landmarks as to the routes leading to Bozeman, but are not truly to scale. The proper scaling would not occur until after 1879.

The 1867 map identifies the Sawyers Trail from the Big Horn River to Clark’s Fork River precisely as identified by the earlier individual survey map sections, and shown in the routes depicted above. During this time frame (until about 1882) the longitude was measured in degrees west from Washington [DC.]

The Bozeman Trail is the solid line running west from the # sign on the Big Horn River [Fort C F Smith] across to Stillwater Creek. It continues from the fort southeast through Wyoming Territory and on to the Platte River

The Bridger Trail is the solid line between Pryor’s Fork and Clark’s Fork extending from the Bozeman Trail and leading south. It connects with the Oregon Trail.

The 1867 date encircled on the map is alongside Latitude 45º and Longitude 32º marking lines.

This trail was in use until its closure in 1868.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The 1871 Survey Map of Montana Territory shows a more stylized road depicting the Bozeman Trail between the same two rivers, and locates Devil’s Gap. Expanded views of the gap indicate that it runs for a short distance in a southwest to northeast direction between the canyon walls framing the East Fork of Pryor Creek.

 After crossing the plateaus, and within three miles of Clark’s Fork, the trail abruptly ends, and traverses northwest, staying on the north bank of Cottonwood Creek, and crossing above the Junction with Rock Creek. Portions of this trail exist on the early survey maps, but they are all shown to be on the south side of Cottonwood Creek. The Bozeman Trail route, leading to the curved junctions just before Clark’s Fork River follows the Sawyers route. To reach the river by the route shown the wagon trains would have had to follow what is now called “Silesia Trail.” This trail, in the pre 1800’s started from the ridgeline at the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek, and continued north up and onto the South Hills Plateau, near to the highest point in Yellowstone County. From there they crossed directly by the Twin Monuments and westerly to the Silesia-Rockvale crossing. However, none of the early survey maps indicated that the trail shown on the map was called the Bozeman Trail past this junction. The 1868 Treaty with the Indians closed the Bozeman Trail leading through the reservation lands to the east, leaving the Bridger Trail and its cutoff from the Wyoming Overland Trail to be the only safe route to follow into Montana Territory. Refer to the Early Trails section for details on all of the early wagon trails in the Yellowstone Regions. Accompanying the narrative is a detailed map, separately available (3ft x7ft) for viewing at the GenRoom in the Parmly Billings Library. [To be added, and the definitive trails are plotted on the map.]

 

The cartographers who created this map have the junction of Rock Creek and Clark’s Fork River just north of the 45 deg and 30 min latitude marker. Present day BLM maps place the junction 1-1/2 miles to the north of that point. That means there was a wagon road passing through the South Hills Area. There is currently no record of who created the road, and for what reason, but most likely it is a cutoff from the north that marries with the Bridger Trail leading south. The other piece, connecting to the Bridger Trail on the west side of Clark’s Fork is a cutoff to the Bozeman Trail leading west. The trail follows Hay Creek to Pryor Creek, then up Monument Creek to the high point in Yellowstone County.

 

 

 

The 1872 Survey Map of Montana Territory depicts the same stylized road as shown in 1871, excepting the scale has been changed from 15 miles per inch to 12 miles per inch. In re-creating the local area shown below, the cartographers apparently misplaced the river junctions and now show the trail to pass through the Edgar area. Most likely, this area of the map was of little importance, and the progress of surveys in the western part of the state was their prime objective. It is questionable that in one years’ time the trail would be relocated some five miles south, and all the connection points remain the same. This map has to be in error. See the Early Trails section for further explanation.

Here the river junction is moved to eight miles above the 45 deg 30 min latitude line. This appears to be a symbolic gesture of the Bridger Trails, with the crossing of the Clark’s Fork River placed three miles above Edgar, but the whole area is disproportional to their true locations as shown on other maps. It cannot be used as a reference map for location of the trails. 

The proposed route for the Northern Pacific Railroad is the heavy solid line following the Yellowstone River. Their land acquisition rights [odd numbered sections, not homesteaded] extend south and north of that line by 20 miles, as shown by the thin lines paralleling the river route. Later surveys had the route on the south side of the river, until it reached Pryor Creek, then on the north. In 1882 they decided to go to Clark’s Fork Valley, then cross [Coulson] and establish Billings as a major town.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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