A
county in the northeastern part of the State, bounded on the north
by Lewis County; east by the Mississippi River, which separates it
from the State of Illinois; south by Ralls and Monroe Counties,
and west by Shelby County - area 278,000 acres. About two-thirds
of the surface of the county is undulating prairie. Along the
Mississippi and the streams are long tracts of bottom land of
great fertility. At different points along the river dykes and
levees have been constructed to prevent overflow. The county is
well watered and drained by North and South Fabius, Troublesome
and Grassy Creeks, North and South Rivers, and numerous smaller
streams. Many springs abound, some of which are mineral in
character, principally chalybeate and sulphur. The soil of the
bottoms is a rich sandy loam, that of the prairies a lighter loam
underlaid by a siliceous marl which contains all the elements to
render it highly fertile. The Mississippi bottoms extend from one
to three miles from the river and merge into uplands. Near the
center of the county, in the vicinity of Palmyra, are extensive
and notably fertile tracts of "elm" land interspersed
here and there by "white oak". land. About 75 per cent
of the area of tile county is under cultivation and in pasture,
and the remainder in timber, mostly elm, hickory, white oak, black
walnut hard maple, hackberry, ash, haw, wild cherry, honey locust,
coffee tree and other less valuable woods. Tile average production
of the principal crops are, corn, 35 bushels to the acre; wheat,
15 bushels; oats, 3o bushels; potatoes, 8o bushels; clover hay, 2
tons; timothy hay, 1 1/2 tons. All the different vegetables
produce large returns, and apples, pears and the smaller fruits
grow abundantIv. According to the report of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, in 1898 the shipments of surplus products from the
county were: Cattle, 3,780 head; hogs 29,450 heads; sheep, 2,513
head; horses and mules, 761 head; wheat, 29,8oo bushels; oats,
7,800 bushels; corn, 26,6oo bushels; hay, 936,400 pounds; flour,
28,378,672 pounds; ship stuff, 2,187,000 pounds; lumber,
29,180,700 feet; walnut logs, 3o,ooo feet; cord wood, 312 cords;
coal, 22 tons; brick, 1,103,320; stone, 53 cars; gravel and sand,
7 cars; lime, 192,364 barrels; cement, 411 barrels; tar, 8 cars;
ice, 374 cars, wool, 178,200 pounds; potatoes, 1,2oo bushels;
poultry, 2,070,708 pounds; eggs, 343,290 dozen; butter, 8,050
pounds; dressed meats, 1,677 pounds; game and fish, 60,68o pounds;
lard and tallow, 278,555 pounds; hides and pelts, 115,755 pounds;
apples, 12,354 barrels; peaches, 1,100 baskets; strawberries, 400
crates; fresh fruits, 3,441 pounds; furs, 4,86o pounds; feathers,
5,723 pounds. Other exports from the county were vegetables,
molasses, cider, junk, car wheels, boots and shoes, blank books,
stationery and various articles of manufacture. The minerals of
the county are coal, fire and brick clays and limestone. Coal has
not been found to any considerable extent. The strata are below
the coal measures. Marion County is lower carboniferous resting on
the silurian.
In
the office of the clerk of the Circuit Court of Palmyra is an
autographic roster of the attorneys who practiced in the court
prior to the breaking out of the Civil War.
Among
the names enrolled are those of many who became prominent in the
State, and some in national affairs. One of the first signatures
in the book is that of Ezra Hunt, who was one of the judges of the
circuit court; also there appears the signature of
A. B. Chambers, later editor of the "Missouri
Republican" at St. Louis; Edward Bates, who was Attorney
General of the United States under President Lincoln; C. Allen,
known as "Horse Allen," once a prominent candidate for
Governor of Missouri; Thomas L. Anderson, twice a member Congress
and noted as a jurist; Uriel Wright, famous as a scholar and
jurist; Carty Wells, eminent as a lawyer and a judge; Samuel T.
Glover, A. H. Buckner and A. L. Slay back, all of whom became
noted as lawyers; J. D. S. Dryden, judge of the supreme court;
Thomas T. Crittenden, Governor of Missouri; James J. Lindley,
member of Congress; James O. Broadhead, A. W. Lamb ,and others who
gained distinction in public. Among other former residents
of Marion County have been Bishop Marvin, of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, and Samuel Clemens, better known as "Mark
Twain." house in which the latter lived has for many years
been one of the prominent landmarks of Hannibal. A noted pioneer
was Major William Blake. Marion County furnished troops for the
Black Hawk War, as the Sac and Fox War; for the war with the
Seminoles in 1837, for the Mormon war in 1838, the Mexican War in
1846 and Civil War. There were soldiers furnished to both the
North and South during the last named war, and Hannibal and
Palmyra were both important points during the conflict, but were
well kept under Federal control. The Confederate forces under
Colonel Joseph Porter gained many recruits from Marion county.
Marion County is divided into eight townships, named respectively,
Fabius, Liberty, Mason, Miller, Round Grove, South Union and
Warren. The assessed value of the acreage and town lots in the
county in 1899 was $5,565,635; estimated full value $11,131,270;
assessed value of personal property, including stocks, bonds,
etc., $2, 108,965; estimated full value, $6,325,895;
estimated value of merchants and manufacturers $,294,I35;
estimated full value, $782,405; assessed value of railroad and
telegraphs, $1,392,332-17. There are 76.62 miles of railroad in
the county, the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern, the Hannibal
& St. Joseph, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, the St. Louis
&- Hannibal, the Wabash, and the Omaha, Kansas City &
Eastern. The number of public schools in the county in 1898 was
sixty-six; teachers employed, 14o; pupils enumerated, 8,039;
permanent school fund, $27,249.41. The population of the county in
1900 was 26,331.
DANIEL
M. CARR.
Early
History of Marion County:
The
original inhabitants of Missouri were imbued with a gentleness of
trait, spirit and disposition conforming to the mildness of
climate and the tenderness of landscapes. They must have been the
people who pictured the vertical rock escarpment on Salt River,
near Cincinnati, Ralls County, Missouri, the people who built the
great mounds of Miller Township, in Marion County, and deposited
the kitchen refuse, the mussel and fresh water clam shell heaps on
the shore of Bay de Charles, and probably dwelt in permanent
villages. The fortunes of war drove two tribes from the region of
Montreal. They came to Michigan and thence to Southeastern Iowa,
where they established themselves on soil distinguished for its
fertility. As far south as the Illinois River they swept the land
with fire and sword. They were not content to conquer, they
exterminated. In like manner they desolated the region north of
the Missouri River. Precisely as the Goths, the Huns and the
Vandals poured from the north, the officina gentium to
devastate the plains of Southern Europe, the invading North
American tribe, equipped only for war, laid waste the homes of the
peaceful inhabitants of the northern portion of what is now
Illinois and Missouri. Northeast Missouri was generally forest
land, with soil adapted for grazing rather than for cultivation.
This area the conquerors devoted to the purpose of a game
preserve. Oblivious of the precedent, they simply adopted the
example set by William the Conqueror and his barons. The lords of
north Missouri were the invaders. The descendants accepted the
acquired name of Sacs and Foxes. The Foxes were called by the
Canadian trappers Les Reynors, in testimonial of their
thievish propensities. Woe to any other Indians Indians caught
poaching in northeast Missouri or in northwestern Illinois. When
the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the territory
northwest of the Illinois River they reserved the right of free
warren. But in the successive cessions of the territory composing
north Missouri no such reservation was made, though the grantors
asserted it. As late as 1836 the Sacs and Foxes came down in
hunting parties and encamped on Bay Island, in Marion County, and
on Bay Island, opposite to Marion County. The wooded retreats of
this county made it abound in game. Even now a solitary antlered
buck is occasionally seen in the coverts of the Bay Bottom.
Hunters refuse to do him harm. Thus it is that the area of
northeast Missouri, which formed a primitive park, presents us
with so few Indian names. About April 1, 168o, on his way up the
Mississippi, Hennepin, beset by floating ice, landed and camped
for two days at a point on the western shore of the river about
2oo yards south of the mouth of what he called Bay de Charles.
Father Hennepin, however imaginative in other respects, was
specially accurate in topography. The place he describes is now
known as Stillhouse Hollow, never in early days a distinctive
name. Here is found a spring, and there is no doubt that this was
the site of Hennepin's camp. It would be better to call it
Hennepin Hollow. It contains a fine natural amphitheater. About
1844, after the manner of the day, a great political meeting
assembled there and heard the oratory of Stephen A. Douglas and
Thomas H. Benton. The Mississippi River flows through a river
plain, a bed of alluvium from six to eight miles wide, and
enclosed on each side by a bluff line. In dropping sediment the
river silts up until its surface is higher than the surrounding
area. Then the river departs from its course and takes a new
route, leaving the abandoned channel to become what is called in
the West a slough (sloo). In making these departures the river
occasionally crosses from bluff to bluff. Along the bluff lines
the river forms pools with, a descent of six inches per mile. In
making the crossings the river falls eight inches per mile, thus
accelerating the current and dispersing its volume. In these
crossings occur the shallows, impeding navigation. In the Illinois
bottom, opposite to Hennepin's landing, there is an abandoned
channel which extends over fifty miles southward. It is a
delightful miniature of the Mississippi River, sand bars, willow
copses and all. The early French knew the nature of this bayou,
for they called it Chenal Ecarte, the name on to-day's map of the
island, meaning "Lost Channel." Somehow the name was
transmitted to the American settlers, who knew nothing whatever
about former French occupancy. "Snia Cartee Plank Road"
is the name on the map of Hannibal, in the year 1851. Then the
name became atomic "Sny," incapable of further
contraction. When the island was inclosed by a levee the name of
Sny Island went into the courts in litigation over the bonds.
Hennepin himself may have applied the original appellation.
Observing the exact similitude of the mouth of a noble tributary
just above his camp, Hennepin sent up his voyageurs to
explore the stream. About a mile up they came to a fork. The
western prong adhered to the bluff line, forming a long and
picturesque pool which in recent years acquired the name of
Heather Day. The eastern prong ran diagonally across the bottom to
near Marion City. The explorers announced the absence of any
northern outlet. Hennepin then named the bayou Bay de Charles. It
does not appear whom Hennepin had in mind. It is seen that the
name Bay de Charles had a very early origin. It is now
colloquially contracted to Bay. Nearly a hundred years before the
founding of St.Louis, A. D. 1764, the name of Bay de Charles was
familiar in geographical references. There are numerous other
sloughs on Bay Island, and one bears the antithetic designation
"Running Bay." At distant intervals the Mississippi
River floods were wont to reopen the channel from the parent
stream into the bay at Marion City. This occurred in 186o. Now the
government has diked the opening to prevent the depletion of the
main channel. The mouth of the bay deceived later explorers. It
has a current derived from lateral sources which greatly
contributes to the deception. Antoine Pierre Soulard
(17661825)-Antoine, Antonio or Anthony, according to influence of
nationality-was a sub-lieutenant in the French Navy. He came to
St. Louis in I794, and was appointed surveyor general and held the
office until the cession of 1804. He is said to have been a man of
literary tastes and the owner of a large library. All the accounts
dating in his era constantly tell of the perils of surveying
parties. If Soulard ever came up this way he came up in and
remained in a pirogue. At a much later date a party of American
surveyors was ambuscaded by Indians at what is now Taylor's
Station, below Saverton. At least one of the party was killed,
others were wounded, and one escaped by finding covert in a deep
gully. These Indian hostilities began with the occupation of the
north limit of the original French settlements. The Indians did
not object to a Canadian courier ,du bois or voyageur, or
a trader who sold whisky and often married a squaw, but when they
saw theodolites or compasses, they comprehended the situation.
Space will not allow the rehearsal of the evidence to show that
Black Hawk, the Sac, was at the bottom of all such mischief, but
many unsurveyed French-Spanish concessions were allowed by the
United States on the ground that the Indians drove off the
earliest French surveyors. When Soulard carne to the first
tributary below Bay de Charles, according to tradition, he, being
in a classic mood, named the stream Hannibal Creek. Proceeding up,
doubtless in the middle of the river, he saw what he took to be a
large tributary, and this he accordingly named Scipio River, but
this was the bay. However, after Marion County was organized there
was filed the plat of a town called Port Scipio, and at one time
several hundred people lived there. The old houses have all
vanished, and a few residences mark the site. Farther up, Soulard
missed the present North River. Such streams surreptitiously enter
the river through the alluvium. He detected another tributary
which he named Fabius, doubtless in honor of Fabius Maximus. But
our present North River was at some very early (late known as the
Jeffrion River. The Sac and Fox cession of 1804 and 1805 was
bounded on the north by the Jeffrion River, and when, July 10,
1810, the United States commissioners confirmed to Charles Gratiot
the French-Spanish concessions to Mathurin Bouvet, it was provided
that nothing north of the Jeffrion River was intended. The Bouvet
grant was the farthest north of any French-Spanish grant ever
made. ("American State Papers," Vol. VI, P. 834.) This
tract, two miles north of Hannibal, will be hereafter considered.
There is no derivation of the word "Jeffrion." It is
suspected of being patois for je re'Vien (I return.)
Such solution is the somewhat diffident conjecture of the
Honorable Shepard Barclay. North River closely approaches the
Mississippi, and it might have saved itself much trouble by going
on a few yards, but it turns and makes a long detour and then
comes back to the river very near to where it made its feint of
junction. Voyageurs paddling up the Jeffrion would after
awhile find themselves about where they started. This looping,
recoiling feature in streams about to fall into their affluents is
noticed in the antiquated "Buffon's Natural History." It
was through the aid of the late Dr. Elliott Coues that the
Jeffrion River was finally identified. The early French history
begins in the Salt River Valley in 1792, the third Columbian
Centennial. But Salt River nowhere touches Marion County, and all
said on this theme is simply and briefly introductory. Augustin
Charles Frernon Delauriere, of Cape Girardeau, about 18oo,
undertook to induce French colonists to settle there. There were
three salines on the river. One of minor value was near
Cincinnati, one was at the present Spalding Springs, and one was
near New London, the same at present known as Fremon's
Lick-pronounced "Fremore's." The French with more patois
called the river Rio de Sel, a combination Spanish-French
name. The French provincial government was very anxious to develop
the manufacture of salt, so as to be independent of the foreign
Kanawhan supply which came on flat boats down the Ohio and tip to
St. Louis, and sold at $6 a bushel. Delauriere was a colonist. At
his lick the Indians killed three of his men, so that he brought
up a cannon, which had a curious history. He wanted his countrymen
to take up farms there and occupy the country. When the Americans
gained access they desired to see the Salt River country. So in
1818 a party of five went up the Missouri by steamer and then rode
northward and turned eastward. They met no human being, but they
came to a river which they took to, be Salt River, and they
followed it toward its mouth. Leaving this river they passed down
until they came to Clear Creek, the very stream on which the
pioneer Frenchman, Mathurin Bouvet, had settled in 1795. Here two
of the explorers, ascending the stream, selected locations, the
first made by Americans in Marion County. They thought that the
bay was a continuation of their supposed Salt River. Proceeding
southward, they came to Giles Thompson's cabin, on Salt River. So
they rechristened their river North River, because it was north of
Salt River. They were not aware that on December 13, 1813, the
General Assembly had defined the north boundary line of the
territorial County of St. Charles as the east thirty miles of the
Jeffrion River, and thereby fixed the legal name of their river as
Jeffrion. (I Terr. Laws, p. 293.)
Mathurin
Bouvet was a resident of St. Louis. In Billon's
"Annals," at the foot of page 261, his name appears as
M. Bouvet. He is elsewhere described as unmarried. He was a notary
public, a deputy surveyor, and under the French domination such
positions imported high grade of intelligence. Undoubtedly he was
a cultivated gentleman. He proposed to manufacture salt at one of
the salines on Salt River.
Charles
Gratiot was a well known St. Louis merchant whose name is yet
familiar. Bouvet borrowed his means from Gratiot, and with two men
in a pirogue went up the Mississippi River, entered Salt River and
followed that water course up to a landing near the present
Spalding Springs. Here he tested the lick and found it available.
He had three horses, which must have come overland. He went back
to St. Louis to bring up more supplies, and in his absence the
Indians came and destroyed his property and stole his horses. He
and his men worked all summer, and erected a furnace and a
dwelling and a warehouse. Late in the fall they returned to St.
Louis. The men fell sick and Bouvet temporarily abandoned the
lick. June 1, 1795, he obtained a concession to a tract embracing
this lick. Bouvet's experience put him out of conceit with Salt
River as a medium of shipment. It was a long time before the
Americans arrived at the same result. A spur from the Ozarks
crosses the Missouri River in Franklin County, and follows up and
upheaves the divide between the Missouri and Mississippi. The
descending grade of Salt River is thereby made so rapid as to
create great floods and thereafter to leave the river nearly dry
Bouvet cast about for a better route of transportation. June 12,
1795, he obtained a concession on the Bay de Charles, just below
the mouth of Clear Creek and extending below the mouth of the Bay.
He went back and rebuilt and fortified his improvements at the
lick, which he called Le Bastion. Then he cut a bridle path from
the lick to Clear Creek.
This
pack-horse trail entered Marion county on the Turner Lands,
southwest quarter, See. 34, 57-5, and ran north of northeasterly
over Sections 27, 23 and 13, to the old Walker place, and thence
descended to the valley, down which a county road now runs to
Clear Creek. A quarter of a century later the American settlers
who had never heard of Bouvet found and used this road. Some
thought the Indians had made it, and they called it the Indian
road. Then it became known as the Bay -Mill road, because it was
used for travel to that gristmill, a building erected in 1,823,
just north of Clear Creek. There was much curiosity about the
evidences of fighting in the Salt River Valley. No one could
account for the field piece in the alluvium, or for the bullets
sticking in the trees or found in the little creek that runs from
Bouvet's Lick. Speculation was rife about these and other problems
until, in 186o, the "American State Papers" were
published and Volume VI revealed the whilom vanished history. In
1795 Bouvet built his salt warehouse at the mouth of Clear Creek.
He put his residence there and induced the French to settle there.
Peter R. Rush, born near this site in 1895, and yet living, says
that traces of the French cabins at one time extended all the way
down to the mouth of the bay. The late Peter Snyder, of Hannibal,
said that he had counted the remains of a dozen stone chimneys
below Clear Creek along the bay. The old French style was to build
a stone chimney outside of and adjoining the house. Such buildings
are yet to be seen in the lower counties. In entering Bay de
Charles, Clear Creek discharges a deposit which contracts the bay
at a point thence called the Narrows. Bouvet located his
settlement on a rounded bench of land just below the Narrows. The
later pioneer, Franklin Whaley, so identified this site for the
writer. Here the bluff line retires and leaves an amphitheater
presenting soil of unsurpassed fertility. The French and the
Indians were infallible judges of good land. Here some of Bouvet's
cabins remained until near 186o. That tract has long been noted
for its abundant yield of Indian relics. For five years Bouvet
conducted his manufactures and shipments. It was always difficult
for the braves to surprise a French settlement. The French were
wont to affiliate and intermarry with the Indians. So when the
Sacs and Foxes set out to recover their hunting grounds and
planned a descent on Bouvet's village, they found the villagers
gone. Many a pirogue laden with precious freight silently rode the
velvet surface of the Bay de Charles. All fled but one, the
undaunted Mathurin Bouvet. He remained in his cabin and repelled
all assaults until the Indians fired the building and burned its
occupant to death. This was in the spring of 18oo. Below the
crinoid ledges and on the upper debris of the bluff line the blue
translucent stem of the Solomon's seal waved aloft its bannered
raceme, the Indian turnip curled its parchment scroll, the
spikenard vaunted its antlered limbs of ebony, the trillium
gleamed white like a forest star, the blood-root unfolded its
waxen petals of snow, the hepatica, rapturous in white petaled
radiance, held rare beauty in its old-gold burnished leaves. Below
the bellwort drooped its gilded corolla, and through the copse
mysteriously shone the phosphorescent gleam of the false
foxglove's balanced trumpet. On the bench the yellow violet ran
like a prostrate vine, and the ground ginger huddled in
concealment close to the sod. Beneath them lay the bones of the
stalwart pioneer of the farthest north of French Louisiana
settlements, hero in life, martyr in death. Bouvet deserves a
monument. Meanwhile it is hereby declared that the bold headland
just south of the scene shall be known as Bouvet's Hill. This
closed the first period of white settlement on the soil of Marion
County.
In the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase in 1804, and on the
faith of many valid French-Spanish grants, the settlers began to
creep up the Missouri shore of the Mississippi. Traders, too,
established their posts and supplied the Indians with, among other
goods, abundance of fire water. By 1812 these adventurous spirits
had come up nearly to what is now the south line of Marion County.
But the War of 1812 enabled the British to do openly what they
never had ceased to do covertly. The British stimulated the
Indians to hostilities, and the settlers fell back to lines of
safety, and as they called it "forted up." This ended
the second period.
On January 8, 1815, the victory at New Or1eans was gained. Then it
was the turn of the Indians to disappear from the region of north
Missouri. Then was settlement resumed. In 1817 Giles Thompson
built the first cabin north of Salt River. Afterward he erected
and ran his bandmill, a crude affair, a horse mill communicating
power by means of a large horizontal wheel encircled with a band
made of strips of rawhide. In 1818 the Federal sectionalizing
surveys were made and the settlers thronged into Marion County.
The first public road north of Salt River was the dirt road from
the present site of New London, Rails County, to the present site
of Hannibal. This was an old Indian trail. It ran straight,
without reference to topography, and in crossing the dividing
ridge between Salt River and the Mississippi River it surmounted
one of the highest and steepest hills in the range. Several years
ago Silas Sims, a farmer, land owner and private citizen, took up
the matter and secured at trivial expense a substituted easy
grade. One of the old time residents said that "it might as
well been done forty years ago," From the most remote times
the fur traders came up the Mississippi for their peltries. These
articles continued to be practically legal tender. Dressed deer
skins were worth $1; dressed coon skins were worth fifty cents,
and skunk twenty-five cents. The price never raised. This was the
paradise of barter. It was natural that in later days fur trading
should be attributed to Mathurin Bouvet. But so far as history
shows, he never was a trapper or trader of any kind. The earliest
American settlers came from Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina.
Their hardships were many. There is no reliable record of any
American being killed by Indians in Marion County, but in 1819 a
white man, probably under misapprehension, killed an Indian in
what is now South Hannibal, and for a while there was great danger
of retaliation on the Hannibal settlement. The Indians were always
unwelcome guests, but the settlers feared to disoblige them. No
one cares to incur the ill will of moccasin-shod people who, even
in peace, prefer to approach one from the rear or enter a
residence without announcement. For many years after white
occupation the Sacs and Foxes lingered around their old haunts.
The bucks devoted their time to the chase. In the spring the
squaws tapped the hard maples and made sugar. They boiled Indian
turnips for food, the process rendering palatable the otherwise
poisonous diet. In the fall the squaws gathered bushels of
persimmons, extracted the seed, mixed the pulp with meal, and then
triturated the mass and divided it into cakes. In river bottoms
pecan trees abounded. These trees bear to the hickory the same
relation that
the chestnut bears to the oak. They are now known in the market as
Illinois pecans, and they far surpass the Texas variety. The pecan
trees grow to noble proportions, but it requires an age to mature
them. On a Sny Island farm a year ago, some nocturnal marauders
cut down eleven full grown pecan trees. Civilization always taxes,
but seldom protects. The squaws gathered pecans and sold, to the
whites. The aboriginal Indians, in many respects, were the best
citizens this country ever had, and they merited the
congratulations of John Ruskin. They reverently accepted the
bounty of nature. They dismantled nothing; they destroyed nothing.
They handed down to their successors the same world they had
received. The Poor Richardites, who preach frugality, should
remember that the Indian is the most economical human being
extant. Prior to 1851 the Sny bottom, opposite Hannibal, supported
large areas of blackberry bushes. Many of the poorer classes of
Ruskinites made a business of going over and gathering the berries
by the bucketful for marketable purposes. But the great flood of
1851 washed away the last vestige of a bramble patch. Space will
not allow a rehearsal of nature's various astonishing spontaneous
delicacies. The Sny is yet famous as a fishing resort. In the fall
some of the old settlers would take a seine and levy on Bay de
Charles and other sloughs for a supply of fish, which they would
salt down for winter. The first mill in Marion County is said to
have been built by Hawkins Smith on the northeast corner of
section 12, on South River, commanding a wide patronage. The
original Bay Mill was rebuilt in 1826. It is perhaps the oldest
building in the county. Marion County was named for General
Francis Marion, and was organized
as a dependency of Ralls County, under act of December 14, 1822.
Various trading posts were from time to time established along the
bay. One trader named Smith had a store at the first hollow above
the mouth of the bay. Marauding, drunken Indians killed him, and
the tradition was that he left a buried keg of money. Robert
Masterson, who came here in 1818, gave the pointers for
excavation, and much digging was done in the surrounding
neighborhood in search of the treasure.
Prior
to 1860 many excavations were to be seen along the roadside. In
course of time the tradition ran back and attributed the ownership
of the treasure to Mathurin Bouvet. Bouvet was very poor. Gratiot
"staked" him, and the Indians robbed and murdered him.
To pay his debts his land grants were sold by the public
administrator in St. Louis before the church door ad ostium
ecclesiae, and the creditor became the purchaser on April 10,
1803. By deliberate theft the United States allowed the State
of Missouri to locate a square mile of school land on Bouvet's
Lick and to so far defeat Gratiot's title, but the land not
occupied by the school section inured to Gratiot. His title to the
Clear Creek concession, as commuted at his instance, was fully
allowed. The government surveyed the land and sold it, but Gratiot
was compensated by obtaining land scrip authorizing him to locate
an equal area in some other part of the domain. There are grants
of Gratiot land still outstanding in Marion County, the nature of
derivation of which is not clear. A number of old surveys of the
Gratiot tract are on file in the office of the recorder of deeds
at Palmyra. The government was very-much addicted to trading
people out of their lands. Notable instances are seen in the case
of the Indian Territory and the New Madrid exchanges. In 1826 the
Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the lands north of North
River, and in the same year Marion County was independently
organized. Black Hawk came up from St. Louis, with his canoes in a
measure ballasted with silver half-dollars. Some of these canoes
were five feet wide. He ran up the bay and bought some corn from
Edward Whaley, the settler. Seeing that Black Hawk was about to
make the squaws carry the corn to the canoes, Whaley hitched tip
his team and hauled it. There is in the Marion County water
courses a notable disposition to run parallel instead of uniting.
Thus are formed the Twin Rivers. In this way, South River acquired
its name because south of North River. Soon the names developed
into North Two Rivers and South Two Rivers. There are several
early books in which the Two River affix is used. In the original
American settlement the region around Palmyra was popularly known
as the Two River country. This meant the Elm region, named from
the prevalence of the white elm. In that promised land no
plowshare ever turned up clay. The Two River Baptist Association
still perpetuates the name. "Flint's Mississippi,"
published in 1826, refers to Salt River as at one time the pole,
star of attraction (page 2o3, foot.) This probably referred to
Monroe County, but it as probably included the Two River country.
Palmyra is situated on a table land, a narrow strip between the
Two Rivers. It is not a ridge, but a level plateau, extending,
unbroken. close to each river. When the phantom Marion City was
founded the Palmyra & Marion City Turnpike Company was
incorporated. (L. i836-7, P. 296.) In each session of the
Legislature thereafter to 1844-45 amendments appeared. Then was
incorporated the Palmyra & Mississippi Railroad Company (L.
i848-9, p. 170). Much of the bed of this railroad was constructed.
Years ago there was an old dump in the ,north part of Palmyra, the
remains of this enterprise. Had the people
turned their attention to deflecting, with governmental
concurrence, the channel of the Mississippi to the Missouri bluff
line, so that the Mississippi would reoccupy its old channel down
Bay de Charles, the river would have been in sufficiently close
proximity to Palmyra, and there would have been no Hannibal worth
mentioning. There is an old and rare book called "Rutter's
History of Marion County," which deals with the ambitions and
struggles of the "Two River people" of that era. Had
William Muldrow realized that his Marion City was an impracticable
site, and had he turned his attention to restoring the ancient
channel of the Mississippi, he would have made Palmyra what nature
qualified it for, a great city. With the aid of brush
obstructions, and perhaps the adoption of a part of the alluvial
channel of North River, with some ditching extending to Heather
Bay, the floods, which destroyed his Marion City metropolis, would
have accomplished his purposes.
THOMAS H. BACON.
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