Henrietta
Southern
Woman of Valor
© 2000 Yvonne Stewart
MADISON COORDINATOR’S NOTE: This is a very interesting story of a
German Jewish family who emigrated from Bavaria to Milliken’s Bend about 1850.
It chronicles their early family history in Bavaria and is primarily devoted to
Henrietta Geisenberg Bauer; her immigration to Milliken’s Bend; her life
before, during and after the Civil War and her descendants. It was written by
her great great granddaughter, Yvonne Stewart of Bellevue, Washington, who has
graciously allowed it to become part of the Madison Parish website, and thus a
part of Madison Parish history. RPS dicksevier@gmail.com
Index
Henrietta’s Life at Milliken’s Bend
Henrietta’s life during Civil War on Island 102
Henrietta’s Post-War years in Milliken’s Bend
HENRIETTA’S MISHPOCHA (FAMILY)
Henrietta
Geisenberg Bauer, my great-great grandmother, was from Bavaria, a German area noted
for beautiful mountain scenery and picturesque old cities. Before Germany was unified, Bavaria was the
independent Kingdom of Bavaria, located in central Europe.
One of the old towns in Bavaria was Gunzenhausen, a town
established in 1349. In the late 1700s,
one family that lived in Gunzenhausen was the Jewish family of Loew Rau and his
wife Jannet. As a Jew, Loew had a second
name, a Hebrew name, of Loew Joseph or Loew ben Joseph, which means, Loew the
son of Joseph. Jannet, whose Hebrew name
is unknown, was originally from another Bavarian town named Ottingen.
Loew and Jannet had sons named Moses and Jacob and
daughters named Bessla, Kehla and Feila.
Bessla was born about 1788 in Gunzenhausen. When she was about 25 years old, Bessla
married for the first time. Her husband
was Solomon Griebel, Hebrew name Solomon Lazarus, from the Bavarian village of
Bibergau. Their wedding took place Oct
18, 1814, in Bibergau, and after the wedding, Bessla and Solomon made their
home in Bibergau.
Bibergau, which means “Beaver District,” is a few miles
east of the larger town or city of Wurzburg, in Bavaria. Wurzburg had been a principal Jewish
community since the year 1000 CE. By
1816, Bibergau had a population of 499, of whom 131 (26%) were Jews.
In January 1816 Bessla and Solomon became the parents of
a son, whom they named Lazarus.
According to the common Jewish naming practice, their son Lazarus was
named for Solomon’s deceased father.
In 1818 another son was added to the family. Solomon and Bessla named this son Low. According to the common Jewish naming
practice, naming Low for Bessla’s father indicates that Bessla’s father, too,
was deceased.
The rise of German nationalism in the 19th
century was tainted with anti-Semitism.
In 1819 one anti-Semitic persecution that broke out was called the “Hep! Hep!
Riots,” where Jews were taunted with the cry of “Hep, Hep,” an acronym for
the phrase “Jerusalem is lost.” Rioting
started with university students in Wurzburg, where Jewish shops were looted
and several Jews killed. Unrest spread
throughout Germany. How these events
affected Bessla and Soloman, I do not know.
However, it was in the same year as these riots, in March 1819, that
Solomon died.
Solomon Griebel died at the age of 30 years, leaving his
widow Bessla, 31 years, and their two sons: Lazarus, 3 years, and Low, a year
old. Two years later, Bessla remarried.
Bessla’s second husband was Simon Geissberger, or
Geissenberger, whom she married on May 21, 1821, in Bibergau. The groom was 31 years old; the bride was 33
years old.
Simon Geissberger, born about 1790 in Bibergau, was the
son of Marx and Jenta Geissberger. Marx
Geissberger, born about 1750, had been about 40 years old when Simon was
born. Marx was a schutzjude of Bibergau. Shutzjude is a Jew who enjoyed some
economic privilege, as, for example, a Jew who loaned money and was therefore
allowed by exception to live where Jews were not ordinarily allowed to
live. By the time that his son Simon
married Bessla in 1821, Marx Geissberger was 71 years old and a widower.
Simon Geissberger was a handelsjude, a Jewish commerce or tradesman. His house number in Bibergau was 93.[1]
Simon and Bessla’s family grew with the births of two
sons, namely: Isaac, born 1822, and Joseph, born June 16,1825.
Bessla did not survive Joseph’s birth, and died on June
23, 1825, at age 37. Simon and Bessla had been married for just four
years. Simon was left a widower with
four children, namely, Lazarus (Griebel), 9 years, Low (Griebel), 7 years,
Isaac, 2 years, and Joseph, a newborn infant.
On March 20, 1826, nine months after Bessla’s death,
Bessla’s younger sister Kehla, from Gunzenhausen, married Simon in
Bibergau. At that time, Simon was about
35 years old, and his bride Kehla, about 25 years old. Sadness hit the family only a few months
later, with the death of Low Griebel, 8 years old, in November of that
year. Kehla was already expecting her
first child by then. In March 1827, only
weeks shy of her first wedding anniversary, Kehla gave birth to a daughter they
named Carolina.
Sadly, Kehla did not survive the birth of her
daughter. She died March 3, 1827, in
Bibergau, at age 26. Simon was again
left a widower with four children, namely Lazarus (Griebel), 11 years, Isaac, 4
years, Joseph, 1 year, and Carolina, a newborn infant.
Simon was a single father for 18 months following
Kehla’s death. It must have been a
difficult time. In July of 1828, little
Joseph, the 3-year-old son of Simon and Bessla, died. Two months later, on September 26, 1828,
Bessla and Kehla’s sister Feila, called “Fanni,” married Simon in
Bibergau. Described in the Bibergau
records as the widower of Bessla and Kehla, Simon was now 38 years old. I do not know Fanni’s age. Simon and Fanni’s household numbered five,
with three children, namely, Lazarus (Griebel), 12 years, Isaac, 6 years, and
Carolina, 1 year old.
Simon and Fanni were married for 36 years and had 11
children, born in the years 1829 to 1845.
Simon and Fanni’s children and their years of birth are:
Low b. 1829
Jandel b. 1830
Rifka b. 1832
Gottalib b. 1834
Lea b. 1835
Marx b. 1837
Joseph b. 1839
Schela b. 1841
Samuel b. 1842
Marle b. 1843
Joseph b. 1845.
Some
of the children in the family died in childhood. Fanni and Simon named their firstborn son
Low, the name of Fanni’s father Low Rau and Fanni’s little nephew Low Griebel
who had died in 1826. Fanni’s son Low
was born in February and died in August 1829.
Carolina, the only child of Simon and Kehla, died in 1840, at the age of
13 years. And Simon and Fanni’s
children Schela, Samuel, and Marle died shortly after their births, in 1841, 1842,
and 1843.
Simon’s
father Marx Geissberger, age 84, died in 1835.
HENRIETTA’S CHILDHOOD IN BIBERGAU,
GERMANY
The book Vital Records of the Jewish Community of
Biebergau, 1812 to 1875 records the birth of Jandel Geissberger on Feb 12,
1830, daughter of Simon Geissberger and Feila his wife, maiden name Rau, from
Gunzenhausen. Neither German nor Yiddish
has a “J” sound and Jandel’s name was likely pronounced “Handel.”
In addition to the
Yiddish name given to her at her birth, Jandel had two other personal names in
her life. Her Hebrew name was Hannah bat
(daughter of) Simon. In the United
States, she was known by the name Henrietta.
For clarity and continuity, I will refer to her only as Henrietta.
Henrietta was born
just a year after her brother Low had been born, and six months after he had
died in infancy.
She was a middle
child in the family, with Lazarus (Griebel) 14 years older than her, Isaac, 7
years older, and Carolina, 3 years older.
Then there were her nine full siblings, of which she was the oldest, who
ranged from Rifka, 2 years younger than she, to Joseph, 15 years younger than
she.
When Henrietta was
10 years old, her 13-year-old sister Carolina died. As an 11, 12, and 13-year-old, she saw three
of her siblings die soon after they were born.
Marx Geissberger, Henrietta’s elderly widowed
grandfather, died in Bibergau at age 84 on Jan 30, 1835, when Henrietta was
only 5 years old. Low Rau possibly died before 1818, as a grandson was named
for him in 1818. Henrietta likely never
knew or could remember any of her grandparents.
Many questions
remain about Henrietta’s youth. Did she
receive any type of education? Did her
family embrace the new Reform Judaism?
Did her father have a store that he ran, and, if so, did Henrietta learn
to be a merchant from him? What did she
hear about the United States of America?
How did she come to leave her home and family for America?
Many Jews took
part in the 1848 revolutionary uprisings in Germany. And some Jews left for America. Bavaria was one of the main regions from
which Jews came to America, and Bibergau was one town from which Jews left. By
1867, among 549 population of Bibergau, only 91 Jews (17% of the population)
remained. At this time, in fact from the
1820’s to about 1880, Jewish immigration into the US almost entirely was made
up of immigrants from Germany.
Several of Simon’s
children were among those Jews who came to America.[2]
Joseph Geisenberg and sister Lea (Lena) Geisenberg Shuster came to the South
and settled in Memphis, Tennessee. Isaac Geisenberg, son of Simon and Bessla, married a young woman
named Harriet Dreyfus, also from Bavaria, in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on Dec 1,
1849. The couple settled across the
Mississippi River from Vicksburg in the community of Milliken’s Bend,
Louisiana, and Isaac became first a planter and then a grocery keeper.
And Henrietta
Geisenberg came to Milliken’s Bend, too.
HENRIETTA’S LIFE IN MILLIKEN’S BEND, LOUISIANA
Henrietta married
Leopold Bauer, also from Germany, and the couple settled at Milliken’s Bend,
Louisiana, in the same community as Henrietta’s brother Isaac and his
family. The Bauer name was often spelled
Bower or Bowers.
Milliken’s Bend,
also called “the Bend,” was a community located about 20-25 miles north of
Vicksburg, on the western bank of the Mississippi River in Madison Parish,
Louisiana. In keeping with the practice
of the time, the village had been named for the largest property owner at that
bend in the river, John Milliken.
In the years
before the Civil War, the western movement was in progress, aided by steamboats
on the Mississippi River. From its
beginning in 1811, steamboat traffic on the Mississippi River steadily increased.
Gertrude Philippsborn, a local historian of the Vicksburg, Mississippi, area
concluded that people moved to Milliken’s Bend because it was the big harbor
for Vicksburg and money was made there.
In addition to
passenger and freight steamboats, other types of steamboats stopped at the
Bend. Frances Alexander Robinson,
writing a history of Milliken’s Bend, penned the following description:
“Other
steamboats helped make life enjoyable for Madisonians. These were the huge and famous
Showboats; some carrying a full complement of circus entertainment that was
quite comparable to shows traveling by rail. They had elephants, menagerie,
ring performers and everything else comprising a circus. It often took a day
and a half to disembark and set up the show.
The
circus boat came every fall when the crop had been gathered and there was
‘money in the country’. Its coming was heralded weeks in advance. Another type
of river entertainment, which was more 'high-class’ and expensive, was the
Theatrical Boat -a floating theatre. These were patronized by cotton planters
and merchants along the river.”
There were also roads in the Parish, dirt
roads that were dusty in dry seasons and muddy axle-deep in wet seasons. Plank bridges lacked railings to prevent
horse-drawn vehicles from falling over the sides.
In the 1840s and
1850s enterprising private operators began ferry service across the Mississippi
to Vicksburg.
Many people moved
to Madison Parish, both white and slave. In 1840, the white population of the
parish was 1,210 and the black population was 3,923; by 1860, the whites in
Madison Parish numbered 1,293 and the blacks, 9,863.
Jewish settlers
also came to the Vicksburg and Milliken’s Bend area. They came overwhelmingly from German areas,
such as Bavaria, Baden, Alsace-Lorraine, but also Prussia. Gertrude
Philippsborn, historian of the Vicksburg Jewish community, herself from
Germany, noted a certain similarity between the lovely wooded bluff on the
Mississippi River at Vicksburg and the bluffs overlooking the Rhine, Main,
Neckar, and Donau rivers in Germany, on which the German Jewish old home towns
were located.
When the
settlement of Walnut Hills was incorporated in 1825 as the city named
Vicksburg, there were twenty Jewish families living in the town. Three Jewish brothers surnamed Sartorius
moved to the area in 1835, 1840 and 1845, and brought two Torah scrolls. These were the first Torah scrolls in
Vicksburg. In 1841, the Jews of
Vicksburg formed a congregation called the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation of
the Men of Mercy.
Beginning in 1845
a second wave of Jewish immigrants came.
Again quite a number of them came from Germany, including Isaac and
Henrietta.
Trains also came
to Madison Parish. The Vicksburg, Shreveport
and Texas Railroad Company was created in March 1852, by the Louisiana
legislature. This line was to extend
from the Mississippi River on the Louisiana shore opposite Vicksburg westward
to the Texas border. Construction began
in Madison Parish on August 8, 1854.
Richard P. Sevier,
Madison Parish historian and parish online coordinator for Rootsweb, described
the construction of the railroad in Madison Parish:
“Construction
stepped up in 1857, and the road was completed to Tallulah Station, 20 miles
from DeSoto Station on the Mississippi River opposite Vicksburg. The first
train pulled up to the little station, freshly built on banks of Brushy Bayou,
in September 1857. A huge crowd of people from all over the countryside greeted
the train, and the event was an occasion for much speech making. At that time
there were only 80 miles of railroad in all of Louisiana.”
The construction
of this railroad was ultimately disastrous for the future of Milliken’s Bend
because the train did not run through the little port town. Nevertheless, the railroad was good for the
Parish, and Leopold and Henrietta may have attended the celebration in
September 1857. Henrietta was in the
last months of pregnancy at that time.
Leopold and
Henrietta, at Milliken’s Bend in the late 1850’s, had two daughters, namely:
Bertha, called
“Bettie”, born Oct 12, 1857, and Jennie, born 14 months later, on Dec 17, 1858.
By census day,
June 1, 1860, Henrietta was single. One
record says that Henrietta and Leopold divorced and that Leo moved to St.
Louis. Henrietta is said to have
remarried a Louis Smith, who died shortly thereafter, and was the father of her
son. Government documents agree that
Mrs. Bauer’s husband died before the war, but seem to know only the name Bauer,
not Smith.
Whatever the other
facts, it is certain that by June 1, 1860, Henrietta was single and expecting a
child. Henrietta had a grocery store in Milliken’s Bend and a dwelling house
just behind the store. The 1860 federal
census gives the following information about Henrietta: female, age 28,
occupation “merchant,” value of personal estate “$1000,” born in “Bavaria,”
daughters B. age 2 and Jennie age 1.
On the 1860
federal census, Henrietta’s family is enumerated as household # 45. Household #37 is the Isaac Geisenberg family,
including Isaac, his wife, two sons and two daughters.
Incidentally,
household #46 in the village of Milliken’s Bend was that of Dr. Henry Wirz, a
physician born in Switzerland.
Likely it was in
late 1860 when Henrietta gave birth to a son she named Louis. Louis appears to have used the surname Smith
during his childhood, including on the 1870 federal census when he was 9 years
old. However, he identified himself as
Louis Bowers as an adult.
On Jan 9, 1861,
Louisiana and Mississippi seceded from the Union.
HENRIETTA’S LIFE ON ISLAND 102
On March 21, 1861,
Milliken’s Bend was incorporated. The
village had a white population of two hundred.
Milliken’s Bend
and the surrounding areas, drawing trade from the wealth of the plantations,
had reached the peak of its prosperity.
With the coming of the War Between the States, cotton became almost
worthless. Slaves ran away and the
Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 freed them.
A key to
conquering the South was to capture Vicksburg on the Mississippi River, cutting
the Confederacy in two and depriving the eastern Confederate states of supplies
from Texas and Mexico. Vicksburg,
however, could withstand Union efforts to capture it from the water.
General Grant saw
the importance of Milliken’s Bend, a mere 20-25 miles from Vicksburg on the
Louisiana side of the river, and hoped from there to capture Vicksburg. General Sherman took his Union troops to
Milliken’s Bend as early as Jan 1, 1862, where the Union troops found beautiful
homes abandoned by their Confederate owners.
Soon thereafter, both Union and Confederate troops were foraging on the
countryside.
The construction
of the railroad, on which trains were regularly running to Monroe, Louisiana,
over 75 miles of track, ceased in 1861. When the Union army came to the area,
the Confederate army destroyed the tracks to Monroe in order to prevent the
Union army from using it. For their
part, the Union army burned the railway stations at Tallulah and DeSoto,
Louisiana, the town across the Mississippi River from Vicksburg.
The sources for
information about Henrietta’s life during the War Between the States are Thomas
Staten, Washington West, Lizzie Reed, Green Rider and Turner Johnson, all black
citizens who lived through these troubled war years.
Before the war
Henrietta’s husband told Thomas Staten that he did not believe in slaves. The Bowers never owned slaves; they hired
what they did not do themselves.
While Henrietta
lived at Milliken’s Bend during the early months of the war, presumably because
of her position on slavery, the Confederates would have nothing to do with her,
the Southern soldiers ran her off, and she needed protection.
Henrietta moved to
Island 102 after the Union army came to the Vicksburg area. Island 102 was an island in the middle of the
Mississippi River, about 4 miles above Milliken’s Bend, where nearby Union
soldiers could protect the family. Union headquarters was at Young’s Point—about
12 miles from where Henrietta lived.
Henrietta, widowed when she moved onto Island 102, was just 32 years
old, and her daughter Bettie was about 5 years, Jennie, 4 years, and her son
Louis, about 2 years old.
On Island 102,
Henrietta lived on her own place, bought before her husband died. There were
about 100 acres cleared; mostly the property was woods. Henrietta’s was the
only white family living on Island 102.
Most whites had run away to Texas.
Henrietta hired black people, including Washington West and Thomas
Staten, to cut wood from her property and she had a big wood yard at her place
from which she sold wood to citizens’ boats.
Mr. Fisher, a white man, was keeping the landing for her.
Thomas Staten, who
was in his twenties during the war, said that “during the war when Mrs. Bauers
moved over onto the island, some of us followed her over there to be with
her. She was a woman that worked hard
herself; she would wash and iron and cook and milk her cows and work in the
garden or field if it was necessary. She
was not like most the white ladies around here.” Thomas Staten lived on Henrietta’s place on
Island 102 for 2 years. She had told him
that she would not have slaves, everybody had a right to be free. Many times she had said she wanted all the
people to be free and work for themselves like she did.
Green Rider, his
mother, and his Uncle Coleman lived on the island during the war. Green’s uncle
hauled wood and headed up the wood yard for Henrietta. Green and his uncle stayed on Island 102 for
3 years. Green, who was about 14 years
old at the time, minded the stock for Henrietta.
Lizzie Reed also
lived on Henrietta’s place on Island 102 during the war, to keep from getting
killed by the guerillas.
Turner Johnson was
in the 49th Infantry, a black Union Army unit.
He would visit black people on Island 102. Those he would visit told Turner Johnson that
Henrietta was a good woman for them to be with, that she treated them right and
was on the Republican side, that she was on their side.
Henrietta had been
living on the Island for a while when, in 1862 and again in 1863, Union
soldiers confiscated her goods. The
Union soldiers took 600 cords of wood worth $5 each, 50 hogs worth $5 each, 5
cattle worth $30 each, and 500 bushels of corn worth $1.50 each. Lizzie Reed and Thomas Staten saw the Union
boat take the flat boat loaded with corn being brought from Island 102 to
Milliken’s Bend.
A summary of
Henrietta’s situation, written some years later, follows:
“
. . .Henrietta Bauers was opposed to the war and secession and favored the
Union cause. She was compelled to hide
from the Confederates or guerrillas through fear of them. By reason of her expressions in favor of the
Union cause she had to leave Madison Parish, Louisiana, and remove to what was
known as Island No. 102. Among her
neighbors she was known as a Union sympathizer.
The
property charged for consists of corn, wood, hogs and cattle taken at various
times by the Federal forces operating around Vicksburg. It appears that the Union boats came to
Island No. 102, where [Henrietta Bauers] then resided, hauled the same to the
boats and carried it off. The troops
were evidently under command of Capt. Buchanan, who ordered them to take the
property. In view of the large
quantities of wood used by the Federals prior to and during the siege of
Vicksburg, it can not be reasonably doubted that [Henrietta Bauer’s] wood was
converted to the use of the army.”
Generals Grant and
Sherman prepared to take Vicksburg with about 30,000 troops. The last stages of
the Vicksburg campaign began in May 1863.
On June 7 1863, a
little-publicized battle was fought hand-to-hand with bayonets at Milliken’s
Bend. The encounter resulted in over a
thousand casualties. Philippsborn reports
that the first soldier wounded in this campaign was Philip Sartorius. Robinson reports that the battle marked the
first major conflict between Union black troops and the Confederate army.
After being held
under siege for weeks, Vicksburg was surrendered to Grant on July 4, 1863.
Henrietta and her
three children stayed on Island 102 in 1864.
Perhaps Henrietta
followed the wartime career of her former neighbor Dr. Henry Wirz. During the war, Captain Wirz commanded the Confederate
prison at Andersonville, GA.
HENRIETTA’S POST-WAR YEARS IN MILLIKEN’S
BEND
In Germany,
Henrietta’s father Simon Geisenberg died April 4, 1865, at age 74. He was buried in Schwanfeld, a town about 8
miles from Bibergau, in the Jewish cemetery purchased in 1579 and used by the
Bibergau Jewish community for hundreds of years.
In the States, on
April 9,1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House. On the night
of April 14, Lincoln was shot, and he died on the morning of April 15, 1865.
In November 1865,
Captain Henry Wirz, the physician from Switzerland and Henrietta’s neighbor in
prewar Milliken’s Bend, was hanged in Washington, D.C. The United States executed Captain Wirz, age
43, for the deaths of almost 13,000 prisoners who died during the war at the
Andersonville prison under the administration of Captain Wirz.
After the war,
Henrietta returned with her children to Milliken’s Bend.
The war had been
bad, but the period of Carpetbag Rule following the war is said to have been
worse and has been described as chaos.
Henrietta’s life must have been chaos, as she was adjudicated bankrupt
at this time.
After several
years Carpetbag Rule was overthrown and a new era began. From 1870, the little town of Milliken's Bend
grew rapidly and became as prosperous as it had been before the war.
Joseph “Joe”
Witherow was an Irish Protestant immigrant and Southern war veteran who settled
at Milliken’s Bend at Henrietta’s place.
Henrietta was owner of a cotton farm and general merchandise store, as
well as the widowed mother of her two girls—Bettie and Jennie, and her young
son, Louis. Joe clerked and finally
became part owner and manager.
Robinson drew,
with words, a picture of the little town of Milliken’s Bend as it was during this
era:
“The
town was made up of two business streets. One was atop the levee (the levees,
then, were narrow and but a few feet in height) with its buildings all facing
the land side, their fronts flush with the top of the levee, their rears toward
the River and resting on piling, where the water ---- when the River was out of
its banks and against the levee ---- flowed beneath them. On this street there
were only four business houses. Beginning at the north end of the street, they
were: McClellan and Coltharp's Cash Store; Price's Bar Room; the Feist Grocery;
and The Henry Weidaman Grocery.
The
other street was at the base of the levee on the land side, and parallel to the
other; with its buildings all on one side of the street and facing those on the
levee. This street was longer and there was much more activity there. On this
there were the D.F. Cresswell Store; the office of Dr. Dancy, in which was kept
the nearest approach to an apothecary shop of anything in town; the office of
Dr. O'Leary; the office of Dr. Yerger; the Joseph Witherow Store in which the
post office was located; The Henry Deis Store; McClelland and Coltharp's Credit
Store that did a credit business with surrounding plantations and maintained a
wagon service to them; The Hayes House a well known hotel; the Village School
at one time taught by Miss Caroline Hawkins; The Tobias Store; The Schregleman
Meat Market and Grocery; and beyond was the Nick Kahn Store the last on the
street. Back of the latter was the jail. Whether some of these stores were
hardware, dry goods, or grocery, is not clear, but it is believed that most of
them were General Merchandise stores and competitors of each other. The
residences of the town were scattered, rather promiscuously, and without much
regard to streets, in a semi-circle about the business district.”
Although steamboat
traffic had been disturbed during the war years, afterwards it resumed until
several steamboats passed Milliken’s Bend each day. These boats would stop to disembark
passengers or freight or to load them when flagged by the landing keeper.
Life returned to
normal in Vicksburg, too. Regarding the
Vicksburg Jewish community, in 1862 the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation of the
Men of Mercy was formally incorporated in Mississippi as “Congregation Anshe
Chesed.” After the war, at the high
holidays of 1866 or early in 1867, the congregation hired Rabbi B. H. Gotthelf,
a native of Germany, from Louisville, Kentucky.
In 1868
Congregation Anshe Chesed broke ground for a new Temple. There were 90 Jewish families in Vicksburg,
who owned about 35 stores.
In
May 1870, Anshe Chesed’s Temple building, the first Jewish Temple in the state
of Mississippi, was completed and a ceremony of dedication was held. The celebration was complete with a
procession under the direction of a Grand Marshall. Following the service of dedication, a Grand
Dedication Ball was held.
Americans had
strong pro-German feelings in 1870—at the dedication ceremonies at the Temple
two hymns were sung in German.
Did Henrietta and
her children travel to Vicksburg for the auspicious occasion of the dedication
of the new Temple? If she did, was she
overcome with feelings upon hearing Jewish hymns sung in her native German
language.
The June 1870
federal census for Madison Parish, Louisiana, enumerates Henriet Bowers, 30
years old, house keeper, born in Germany, and her 9 years old child with Joseph
Witherow, 30 years old, grocer, born in Ireland, $7500 value of personal
estate. Henrietta’s daughters Bettie, 12
years old, and Jennie, 11 years, were probably away at school.
Under the Act of
Congress March 3, 1871, Henrietta filed a Petition to recover damages for the
taking of her property by the Union soldiers during the war. Henrietta signed her petition, for $4150 in
damages, on Oct 24, 1872. Her signature
reads “Henryetta Bauer.”
In spite of the
growing prosperity of the area, Henrietta had lost all her property during the
war and was unable to raise sufficient money to meet the expense of taking
testimony for her claim.
Henrietta’s
daughter Bettie, attending school in New Orleans, met James “Jim” Witherow, the
younger brother of Joe Witherow. Jim
came to New Orleans from Ireland in 1856, worked on the NO & Jackson
Railroad under Union General Ben Butler during the war, and continued to follow
railroading after the war. Bettie, age
15 years, and Jim, age 28 years, eloped, marrying in New Orleans on May 23,
1873. The couple set up their home at
Waggaman, Jefferson Parish, across the Mississippi River from New Orleans.
Henrietta’s first
grandchild, Bettie and Jim’s daughter Henrietta Jane Witherow (called Hennie)
was born July 18, 1874, at Waggaman, La.
The following year, Henrietta’s first grandson Joseph Francis Witherow
was born in December 1875. Did the new
grandmother, perhaps with her daughter Jennie, make trips to Waggaman to help
the new mother and cuddle the new babies?
Given that Bettie was only 16 years old at the birth of her first child,
I suspect that she did.
FINAL CHAPTER
Henrietta Geisenberg
Bauer died Dec 20 or 21, 1876, at Milliken’s Bend, La., at the age of 46 years,
and her body was taken to Vicksburg for burial in the Anshe Chesed cemetery.
Fisher Funeral
Home of Vicksburg has the following record:
Mrs. H. Bauer
42 years old
Died Dec 21, 1876
By order of Mr.
Brown paid $15
Grave No.
137
Tombstone of Henrietta Bauer (Bowers), Anshe Chesed cemetery,
Vicksburg, MS. Compliments of Yvonne
Stewart.
Grave number 137,
indicating the Jewish cemetery, is registered in the name of Levy and
Schuster. The Mr. Brown who paid the $15
expense is probably Isaac Brown, a president of the Temple.
The Kiersky
brothers bought the tract of land where the Jewish cemetery is located in
1862. The site was the scene of heavy
and important fighting in the siege of Vicksburg in 1863. The brothers were so upset that, when the
opportunity arose to sell the land to Temple Anshe Chesed as a cemetery, they
sold it, in August 1864.
On the top of
Henrietta’s tombstone appears to be a clasped hands design.
Below the design
on the tombstone is a line of Hebrew writing. Henrietta’s name on her tombstone
reads in the Hebrew script “Hannah daughter of Simon.” Also in Hebrew is given her date of death (4
Tevet) and date of burial (5 Tevet) and the year, according to the Jewish
calendar.
Below the Hebrew
writing Henrietta’s tombstone reads in English:
Henriette Bowers
BORN
IN
Bibergau,
Germany
Feb
12, 1831
Died
in
Millikens
Bend, La.
Dec
20, 1876
May her memory be
for a blessing
POST SCRIPT
Twenty-seven days
after her mother died, leaving her alone in the family home, Jennie Bauer, aged
18, married Joseph Witherow, aged 37, on January 17, 1877, in Vicksburg,
Mississippi. Levi M. Lowenberg, JP,
officiated. Joseph and Jennie became the
parents of four children: Carrie, Etta,
Morris and Louis.
Jim and Bettie’s
family grew to include seven children:
Henrietta (Hennie), Joseph, Maude, James, Bertha, Ida, and Milton.
Louis Bowers
married Ida Fitler and they became the parents of three children: Theodore Henrietta, Louis and Charles.
The Isaac
Geisenberg family moved to Trenton, Louisiana, in the early 1860’s where Isaac
died in 1863. Isaac’s widow Harriet
remarried and shortly thereafter was again widowed. Harriet resumed the use of the name
Geisenberg for the rest of her life.
This practice of resuming the prior surname may explain why Henrietta,
briefly married to Louis Smith after her divorce from Leopold Bauer, resumed
the use of the surname Bauer after Louis Smith died.
Lena (Lea
Geisenberg) Shuster and her husband Samuel, Joseph Geisenberg and his family,
and Isaac Geisenberg’s widow Harriet settled in Memphis, Tennessee.
As adults,
Henrietta’s children Bertha Witherow, Jennie Witherow, and Louis Bowers pursued
Henrietta’s claim for property taken without compensation by the Union army
during the war. The government file does
not reflect the disposition of the claim.
In 1880 most of
the inhabitants of Milliken’s Bend relocated to a new site one mile west of the
old town, due to encroachment by the river.
The original site of Milliken’s Bend has ceased to exist since the last
family left in 1916. The Joe Witherow
family left the “old” Bend in 1910, the next to last family to leave.
The course of the
Mississippi River has changed over the last hundred years, and the site of
“old” Milliken’s Bend is now on the east bank of the river.
By 1900 Island 102
had mostly washed away onto the Louisiana shore.
The Jewish
cemetery at Schwanfeld, the final resting-place for the Geisenberg family in
Germany, is today in very good condition, maintained by the Hempel family.
The Anshe Chesed
cemetery is adjacent to the Vicksburg National Military Park.
The restored Ark
and eternal light from Temple Anshe Chesed of Vicksburg is now at the Museum of
the Southern Jewish Experience, Utica, Mississippi.
Bibliography
Bass, Alice
Cabaniss. “Southern Exposure.” Hadassah
Magazine. April 1991, p. 32-33.
Civil War Claim of Henrietta Bowers,
National Archives
Federal census records
Fisher Funeral
Home record
Gilbert, Martin, consulting
editor. The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish
Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish
History. 1990.
Historic Names and Places on the
Lower Mississippi River. Dept of the Army, Corps of Engineers. 1977.
Philippsborn,
Gertrude. The History of the Jewish
Community of Vicksburg (From 1820-1968) 1969.
Private letters.
Robinson, Frances Alexander. “Curtains for the
Bend.” 1941. Madison Parish Home
Page.1999 Richard P. Sevier,
editor.
Schwanfeld Jewish
cemetery online. Gemeinde Schwanfeld. 1999
Sevier, Richard P. “Earliest Settlers in Madison Parish.” Madison Parish Home Page. 1999.
Sevier, Richard P. “Early Transportation in Madison Parish.” Madison Parish Home Page.1999.
Vital Records of the Jewish Community of Biebergau,
1812-1875.
Vital records,
Louisiana and Mississippi