The
Clopton Chronicles
A Project of the Clopton Family Genealogical
Society
Where Mightier
Do Assault Than Do Defend
Regarding
Richard Southwell, Knt. &
Saint Robert Southwell
By John Henry Knowlton, [email protected] [1]
A Bright and Shining Star
In a shocking display of
betrayal,
he became the chief accuser
of his childhood companion
and kinsman, Henry Howard,
now Earl of Surrey.
This is the story of two
men, Robert
Southwell and his grandfather, Richard Southwell; one a saint the other a
sinner, one a wise man the other a henchman. They lived and died during the
turbulent years of the Tudor dynasty in England. Sir Richard Southwell,[2]
was a favored knight in the courts of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, and
Queen Mary. The Southwells had
loyally served the crown since the time of King Edward I. Sir Richard would raise the Southwell
family to the height of power.
When his father died in
1515, Sir Richard was a minor in the eyes of the law. He became the ward[3]
of first William Wootton and then later Thomas Wyndham. In the later part of this time of his
wardship he lived with the family of his cousin, Henry Howard.[4] In 1534 and 1535, through
the influence of the Howards, Sir Richard served as Sheriff of Norfolk.[5]
Starting in 1535 he became
involved in the dissolution of the monasteries[6]
which we shall see he profited greatly.
During the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of the Catholic nobility
against the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536, Sir Richard
enthusiastically helped suppress the sedition in County Norfolk.
By 1538 he was a receiver to
the Court of Augmentations and he represented Norfolk as a Member of
Parliament. His star had risen and
was shining brightly in the court of King Henry VIII and Sir Richard became one
of the King’s favorites. Sir
Richard was appointed to the king's council and knighted. In 1542 and 1543 Sir Richard was the
commissioner of Berwick in the north of England and would supervise the release
of Scottish prisoners of war.[7] Sir Richard also assisted in the
prosecution of religious heretics[8]
who were convicted as traitors to the realm.
Sir Richard Southwell
by Hans Holbein, the Younger,
1536
Oil on Wood
Galleria degli Uffizi,
Florence
In a shocking display of
betrayal, he became the chief accuser of his childhood companion and kinsman, Henry
Howard, now Earl of Surrey. Sir
Henry Howard[9] spent his
early childhood at Windsor Castle with Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and the
illegitimate son of Henry VIII.
In 1532 Sir Henry
accompanied his cousin, Anne Boleyn, King Henry VIII, and the Henry FitzRoy,
now Duke of Richmond, to France, staying there for over a year as a member of
the entourage of King Francis I. The year 1536 saw many changes; Anne Boleyn
was executed, and his friend Henry FitzRoy, died at the age seventeen.[10] Sir Henry was a great
favorite at court and known for his sonnets.[11]
But the Howards' fortunes at
court depended upon Henry VIII's queens.
The Howards had been in favor when Sir Henry's cousin, Katherine Howard,
became queen in 1536. [12] But that all ended when Jane Seymour
became queen. The Seymours, a
rival faction at court, began their scheming in earnest. The Seymours accused
the Howards of secretly sympathizing with the rebels of the Pilgrimage of
Grace, and Sir Henry was briefly imprisoned on that suspicion.
In the early 1540s, the
Howards were back in favor, and Sir Henry was made Knight of the Garter.[13] When Henry VIII's health was failing,
Sir Henry made the mistake of announcing his opinion of the obviousness of his
father's becoming Protector to Prince Edward. The Seymour's finally had their day when Sir Henry
ill-advisedly displayed royal quarterings on his shield.
Arrested with his father on
trumped-up charges of treason, he was imprisoned in the Tower. His erstwhile cousin, Richard
Southwell, successfully orchestrating the proceeding, Sir Henry was condemned
and executed on January 19, 1547 on Tower Hill.[14]
Following King Henry’s death
and the short lived reign of Edward VI,[15]
Edward’s half sister, Mary, a staunch Catholic, became queen. As Queen, she once again restored
Catholicism as the official religion of England and earned the title “Bloody
Mary” in the process. Sir Richard,
no stranger to the politics of survival at court, wisely and promptly converted
to Catholicism. Sir Richard was
one of the group who escorted Elizabeth, Mary’s half sister, to court when she was under suspicion for
conspiring with Wyatt.[16]
Queen Mary had made him Master of Ordinance in 1554,[17]
and he held the position until her death when he was relieved by, Elizabeth, in
1560.[18]
‘The Ditchley Portrait’
by Marcus Gheeraerts, the
Younger, c. 1592
Oil on Panel
with Father Robert ministering to the Catholics,
two steps ahead of the authorities trying to catch him.
It was at the Southwell holdings near Horsham St. Faiths priory that Sir Richard's grandson Robert Southwell was born. Robert Southwell's life would be an unusual story. In a bizarre incident in Robert's early life he was stolen out of his cradle by gypsies who lived in the forests around his home and thought Robert was a beautiful baby. Robert was quickly recovered. In spite his father’s public practice of Protestantism, in private he raised Robert to be a Catholic.
At a very early age Robert
was sent to the Jesuit school at Douai, France where men such as the master of
philosophy Leonard Lessius would teach him. It was at the Douai school that
Robert met John Cotton who would later operate a safehouse in London were later
Robert would seek refuge. When Robert
was 15 he went to Paris where he was under the care of Thomas Darbyshire who had been the
Archdeacon of Essex prior to the accession of Queen Elizabeth. Robert developed a great love for the
Jesuit order and wanted to join it; however he was considered to be too young
and told to wait.
Robert was accepted into the order on October 17, 1578 which was the
feast day of Saint Faith. He
traveled to Rome where he was received as a Novice. His novitiate training period was spent in Tournai. He went back to Rome to take his vows
and be ordained into the priesthood in the summer of the year 1584. Father Robert stayed in Rome as prefect
of the English College. It was
during this time in Rome that Robert's poems began to attract attention.[19]
Father Robert applied for a mission to England to minister to the
Catholics who were being persecuted.
Meanwhile, in England the regime of Queen Elizabeth had passed penal
laws to repress the Catholics remaining in England. Part of these laws dictated that "any native born
subject of the queen who had been ordained a Catholic priest since the first
year of her accession, and resided in this country for more than forty days,
was guilty of treason, and incurred the penalty of death."[20] Father Robert knew his trip to England
meant certain death if the authorities caught him but he resolved to go anyway
regardless of the danger. Shortly
before leaving Rome for England Father Robert wrote the general of the Jesuits,
Claudius Aquaviva, expressing his desire for martyrdom.[21]
"I address you, my Father, from the threshold of death, imploring the aid
of your prayers . . . that I may either escape the death of the body for
further use, or endure it with courage."[22] Father Robert departed for England on
May 8, 1586 in the company of Father Henry Garnnett, another Jesuit priest.
The spies of Queen Elizabeth's intelligence master, Sir Francis
Walsingham, reported to him that the two Jesuits had landed on the east coast
of England and had been welcomed at the home of William, Lord Vaux, in Hackney.[23] So would begin the game of cat and
mouse with Father Robert ministering to the Catholics, two steps ahead of the
authorities trying to catch him. He went from safe house to safe house in
disguise, saying Mass, hearing confessions, celebrating marriages, baptizing,
re-admitting apostates, giving the Sacraments to the dying. He even visited Catholics in prison and
said Mass there.
Father Robert assumed the disguise of a ‘Mr. Cotton’ for his travels
through the Protestant society of Elizabethan England. He forwarded reports to Rome detailing
his efforts in England and acquired the reputation of being one of the main
"Papists" in England. During this time his letters home show his
anxiety about the salvation of his father and his brother, Thomas. He reveals his poetic nature in one of
the letters. [24]
"Shrine not any longer a dead soul in a living
body: bail reason out of senses' prison, that after so long a bondage in sin,
you may enjoy your former liberty in God's Church, and free your thought from
servile awe of uncertain perils. . . . Weigh with yourself at how easy a price
you rate God, Whom you are content to sell for the use of your substance. . . .
Look if you can upon a crucifix without blushing; do not but count the five
wounds of Christ once over without a bleeding conscience."
To Father Robert's satisfaction both of them would convert back to the
Catholic faith.[25]
A Place Called
Limbo
While she was at Helborn
she was examined by one of
Queen Elizabeth’s
favorite mad dogs, the
despicable Richard Topcliffe.
The persecution of Catholics
increased after the defeat of the Spanish Armada.[26]
It was said that Catholics were conspiring with Spaniards to
overthrow Queen Elizabeth and install a Catholic monarch in her place. These rumors fanned the paranoid fears
inherent in all monarchs, and Queen Elizabeth went on a rampage and the priests
went into hiding. Father Robert
had been doing his clandestine priestly duties for nearly eight years in
England and had acquired a reputation as a pious, prudent, meek and gentle man
who was skillful in "helping and gaining souls". "His character was singularly
gentle, and he has never been accused of taking any part either in political
intrigues or in religious disputes of a more domestic kind".[27]
He never hesitated to minister to his fellow Catholics, and did not shirk from giving comfort to even the most high profile insurgents. Phillip Howard, the Earl of Arundel, had been arrested and convicted of treason two years earlier and was held in the Tower of London. In 1582 his wife, Anne, became a Roman Catholic. Sir Phillip was himself suspected of disloyalty and was regarded by the discontented Roman Catholics as the center of the plots against the Queen's government and even as a possible successor. In 1583 he was, with some reason, suspected of complicity in Francis Throckmorton's plot to overthrow the “Virgin Queen,” and prepared to escape to Flanders, but his plans were interrupted by a visit from Elizabeth I at his house in London and by her subsequent order to confine himself there.
In
September 1584 he, too, became a Roman Catholic. His cousin, Father Robert, became his chaplain and spiritual
advisor. Later Sir Phillip was
brought before the Star Chamber and sentenced to a fine and imprisonment for
life. He was released for a time but was again arrested on a charge of high
treason and, in 1589, condemned to death. The sentence was not executed, and he
died in the Tower of London. [28]
Father Robert Southwell
Courtesy of Father Joseph F.
MacDonnell, S.J.
Meanwhile Father Robert
continued to pass from house to house secretly ministering to the
Catholics. One of these houses was
the house of Richard Bellamy of Uxenden Hall near Harrow-on-the-Hill. Jerome Bellamy a kinsman of Richards
was executed in 1586 for his part in the conspiracy with Anthony Babington.[29] Every surviving member of the Bellamy
family was under suspicion. Father
Robert continued to visit the house to say Mass in spite of the obvious danger
of discovery. He also gave
religious instruction to the Bellamy children.
Early in 1592 the government
decided to arrest the entire Bellamy family and charge them of being
recusants. The gently bred Anne
Bellamy was placed in the gatehouse of Westminster on January 26 of that year
by order of Bishop of London, Walter Copeland. She was then moved to the gatehouse of Helborn and stayed
there until the middle of the summer.
While she was at Helborn she was examined by one of Queen Elizabeth’s
favorite mad dogs, the despicable Richard Topcliffe.[30] Richard Topcliffe was the chief officer
in charge of enforcing the anti-Catholic penal laws, and he did so with breath
taking cruelty. Topcliffe quickly
broke her faith and her virtue. He seduced her and she conceived a
child by him. When her condition
became obvious he forced one of his servants to marry her in July.
The thoroughly traumatized
young woman at last betrayed her family.
She confessed to Topcliffe the procedures used in the Bellamy household
to secretly hear Mass and receive instruction. He learned the exact location of the hiding places of the
priest within the house. With this
information Topcliffe carefully planned his trap for the next priest to come to
the Bellamy home.
Father Robert met Anne's
brother Thomas in London, and the two rode to the Bellamy house together so
Father Robert could say Mass there on June 20. The trap was sprung and Father Robert was the victim. Topcliffe himself returned to London in
triumph with Father Robert as his prisoner. Father Robert was imprisoned in Topcliffe's house in
Westminster churchyard where he was tortured for four days with the goal of
getting information to prosecute other Catholics. Father Robert refused to answer any questions and was moved
to a cell at Westminster gatehouse on June 24.
Richard Southwell, his
father, visited him there and discovered he was being held in a filthy cell and
was covered with lice. Richard
appealed to the queen to treat his son like a gentleman and move him to better
quarters. Father Robert was moved
to the Tower of London where his father was permitted to supply him with clean
clothes, books, the Bible and the works of St. Bernard and other necessities.
His sister, Mary, and several other friends were allowed to visit him. His friend Phillip Howard was in a cell
not far from him and they managed to correspond using Phillip's dog as a
message carrier. While in the tower Father Robert would write several poems of
note including St. Peters Complaint.
Father Robert was examined
thirteen times by members of the council while he was in the Tower. He was tortured with various methods in
an attempt to get him to disclose who his fellow Catholics were and other details. All he would tell his captors was that
he was a Jesuit priest and he was prepared to die for his religion. "His
jailers were exasperated at his trenchant answers to their rather stupid
questions. When asked his age he
would reply: "near that of our Blessed Savior when he died."[31]
Every method of torture was used during these examinations except for the
rack. Father Robert was held in
the Tower for nearly three years.
In February of 1595 the
council ordered a trial. He was
brought from the Tower to Newgate prison where he was put in the deepest
dungeon there, called Limbo. Two
days later he was brought to Westminster to be tried for high treason under the
law that he had known would be the death of him. He was a Jesuit priest and he
had been in England more than forty days.
Father Robert replied that he was "not guilty of any treason: when
the indictment was read in court. He interrupted the attorney-generals speech
for the crown to complain about the tortures he had endured. Father Robert
defended himself and protested the law that he had been indicted under. The jury found him guilty and sentenced
him to the death of a traitor, to be hung, drawn and quartered. He was taken back to Newgate to await
execution. While there he was
visited by government and religious leaders who were hoping that he would
reveal his fellow Catholics now that he faced death. He would not.
Whether we live, we live unto the Lord:
or whether we die, we die unto the Lord.
On February 21 he was drawn
on a sledge to Tyburn[32]
gallows to be executed. The method
of execution was to be especially horrific. The sentence of "to be hung, drawn and quartered "
is by any stretch of the imagination one of the most barbaric methods of
execution ever devised by civilized society.[33] The prisoner was first hung by the neck
and, depending on the mood of the hangman, hung only briefly or more
mercifully, until he was almost dead, and then cut down. He was then stretched upon a hurdle.[34] Secondly he was emasculated and the
part that was cut off was burned in a brazier in front of him. He was next ritually disemboweled and
the bowels were burned in the coals..
The executioner, if he was very skillful and the traitor had not died of
shock yet, would reach into the body cavity and pull out the beating heart and
say "Behold the heart of a traitor." Finally the traitor had his head cut off and the body
cut into quarters. The executioner
would hold up the head to which the crowd traditionally shouted
"Traitor"! The head was
then placed upon a pike and displayed in a public place, usually London
Bridge. Other quarters were sent
to different parts of the realm to be displayed. This dreadful fate awaited Father Robert on his trip to
Tyburn gallows.[35]
When he arrived there he was
lifted on to a cart to be hanged.
Standing in the cart, Father Robert began preaching on Romans 14:
"Whether
we live, we live unto the Lord: or whether we die, we die unto the Lord. Therefore, whether we live or whether
we die, we are the Lord's. . . . I am brought hither to perform the last act of
this miserable life, and . . . I do most humbly desire at the hands of Almighty
God for our Savior Jesus' sake, that He would vouchsafe to pardon and forgive
all my sins."
He acknowledged that he was
a Catholic priest and declared that he never intended harm or evil against the
queen, but always prayed for her. He ended with "In manus tuas, Domine (into Your hands, Lord), I commend my
spirit."[36] The execution began. The hangman, however, had done his job badly, and before a horrified
audience, Father Robert slowly strangled.
When an officer began to cut the rope of the still breathing priest,
Lord Mountjoy and other witnesses interrupted and told him to let Father Robert
alone to die. Thus Father Robert
avoided the agony of the remainder of the sentence which was still carried out
on his lifeless body. When the
executioner held up Father Robert's head no one shouted the traditional
"Traitor."[37]
____________
The execution of Father
Robert shocked the entire country.
Many of his poems and writings were immediately published. In writing
his poetry, Father Southwell may be said to have had before him three motives:
the expression of his own thoughts and feelings, to which life in prison gave
no other outlet; the comfort and edification of his fellow Catholics; and a
third, which gives them a peculiar literary interest. His poems were not
published in his lifetime; but that he contemplated publication is clear from
the letter to his cousin, which prefaces Saint
Peters Complaint. His object, like Milton’s in the following century, was to
rescue the art of poetry from the worldly uses to which it had been almost
solely devoted.[38] Six English prose tracts by Father
Robert have been printed: Mary Magdelens Tears; A Short Rule of Good
Life; The Triumphs over Death; A Humble Supplication to Her Majestie; An
Epistle of Comfort to the Reverend Priestes; and, Hundred Mediations of Love of God.
The early editions of his poetry were popular with
Catholics and Protestants alike and attracted imitators. Poet and author Ben Johnson said that
he would willingly destroy many of his own works if he could claim authorship
of the poem The Burning Babe.[39]
The
Burning Babe
As I in hoary winter's night
stood shivering in the snow,
Surprised I was with sudden heat which made my heart to glow;
And lifting up a fearful eye to view what fire was near,
A pretty babe all burning bright did in the air appear;
Who, though scorched with excessive heat, such floods of tears did shed,
As though his floods should quench his flames, which with his tears were fed.
"Alas," quoth he, "but newly born, in fiery heats I fry,
Yet none approach to warm their hearts, or feel my fire but I!
My faultless breast the furnace is, the fuel wounding thorns,
Love is the fire, and sighs the smoke, the ashes shame and scorns;
The fuel justice layeth on, and mercy blows the coals,
The metal in this furnace wrought are men's defiled souls,
For which, as now on fire I am to work them to their good,
So will I melt into a bath to wash them in my blood."
With this he vanished out of sight and swiftly shrunk away,
And straight I called unto mind that it was Christmas Day.
Similarly
he writes the following two poems[40]
on the same subject.
Let folly praise that fancy
loves, I praise and love that Child,
Whose heart no thought, whose tongue no word,
whose hand no deed defiled.
I praise Him most, I love Him best, all praise and love are His;
While Him I love, in Him I live, and cannot live amiss.
Love's sweetest mark, laud's highest theme, man's most desired light,
To love Him life, to leave Him death, to live in Him delight.
He mine by gift, I His by debt, thus each to other due.
First friend He was, best friend He is, all times will try Him true.
Though young yet wise, though small yet strong; though man yet God He is;
As wise He knows, as strong He can, as God He loves to bless.
His knowledge rules, His strength defends, His love doth cherish all;
His birth our joy, His life our light, His death our end of thrall.
Alas! He weeps, He sighs, He pants, yet do His angels sing;
Out of His tears, His sighs and throbs, doth bud a joyful spring.
Almighty Babe, whose tender arms can force all foes to fly,
Correct my faults, protect my life, direct me when I die!
New
Prince, New Pomp
Behold a silly tender Babe,
in freezing winter night;
In homely manger trembling lies, alas a piteous sight:
The inns are full, no man will yield this little Pilgrim bed,
But forced He is with silly beasts, in crib to shroud His head.
Despise Him not for lying there, first what He is enquire:
An orient pearl is often found, in depth of dirty mire;
Weigh not His crib, His wooden dish, nor beasts that by Him feed:
Weigh not His mother's poor attire, nor Joseph's simple weed.
This stable is a Prince's court, the crib His chair of state:
The beasts are parcel of His pomp, the wooden dish His plate.
The persons in that poor attire, His royal liveries wear,
The Prince Himself is come from heaven, this pomp is prized there.
With joy approach, O Christian wight, do homage to thy King,
And highly prize this humble pomp, which He from heaven doth.
____________
1. Richard3 Southwell, Knt.,
of Woodrising, Norfolk
(Francis2, Richard1)1 was born
1504 in Windham Manor, Woodrising, County Norfolk, about 16 miles southwest of
Norwich, and died January 11, 1562/63 in Windham Manor, probably, Woodrising,
County Norfolk, about 16 miles southwest of Norwich2. He married (1) Thomasine Darcy, of
Little Maldon, Essex Bef. 1554, daughter of Roger Darcy and Elizabeth
Wentworth. He married (2)
Mary Darcy, of Danbury, County Essex Aft. 1556, daughter of Thomas Darcy
and Elizabeth de Vere. She was
born in Danbury, County Essex, about 6 miles east of Chelmsford, and about 8
miles west of Maldon, and died in Windham Manor, probably, Woodrising, County
Norfolk, about 16 miles southwest of Norwich.
Sir Richard was to father
two children by Mary Darcy, while still married to Thomasine Darcy, her
cousin. It was not an uncommon
practice for men of power to keep a mistress, and Sir Richard was a man of
power. If Sir Richard was a friend
of Henry VIII, renown for his philandering ways, we can presume they may have
had similar ideas. Sir Richard,
did, however, marry Mary following the death of his first wife. This is suggestive that the first
marriage was an arranged, loveless union, and that he and Mary were in
love. Following their marriage the
couple had at least three more children.
The Parish Church of All
Saints, Maldon, County Essex, features the D’Arcy Chapel. The south front of the church is
possibly the most attractive view of the church. The tower dates from the 13th century and is
unique in its triangular design.
In the buttresses are niches which doubtless originally held statues of
saints, although no record remains to substantiate this assumption. Early in the 20th century,
figures of notable persons associated with Maldon were placed in them. Within the church are two monuments of
interest. One on the south wall,
although missing its brasses, commemorates Thomas D’Arcy ( - 1485) who was the
bodyguard of Edward IV and Henry VII, and the son and heir of Sir Robert
D”Arcy. The other, on the east
well, is to Henry Wentworth ( - 1614) and his wife, Ann Stacy ( - 1634). They left property in the town as a
benefaction to the church. In the
late 20th century the property was still administered as the
“Wentworth Charity.”
Like the Cloptons, the
Wentworth and de Vere families claim royal descent from King Edward III.
Sir Robert D’Arcy (1385-1448) portrayed as a knight of the Lancastrian period. Sir Robert was a Member of Parliament for Maldon in 1422 and several times represented the County of Essex. Sir Robert built a large home in Maldon, which became known as D’Arcy’s Tower and after 1576, the Moot Hall. Upon his death he left money for the founding of a D’Arcy chantry. This was housed in the portion of All Saints’ which Sir Robert had built before his death and known as the D’Arcy Chapel. The D’Arcy arms include three cinquefoils and there are frequent cinquefoils incorporated in the carvings throughout the church.
Child of Richard Southwell
and Thomasine Darcy is:
2 i. Eizabeth4
Southwell, of Woodrising2, born 1554 in Windham Manor,
probably, Woodrising, County Norfolk, about 16 miles southwest of Norwich, and
was christened in 1554. She
married George Heneage.
Children of Richard
Southwell and Mary Darcy are:
+ 3 i. Richard4
Southwell, Knt Horsham S. Faith's, illeg, born 1548 in Danbury, County Essex,
and christened in 1550 at
Woodrising, County Norfolk, about 16 miles southwest of Norwich.
4 ii. Thomas Southwell, of Monton,
illeg, born 1552 in Danbury, County Essex, about 6 miles east of Chelmsford,
and about 8 miles west of Maldon; died April 8, 1609.
5 iii. Mary Southwell, of
Woodrising, Norfolk, born 1556 in Windham Manor, probably, Woodrising, County
Norfolk, about 16 miles southwest of Norwich, and was christened in 1556; died
1622.
6 iv. Dorothy Southwell, of
Woodrising, Norfolk, born in Danbury, County Essex, about 6 miles east of
Chelmsford, and about 8 miles west of Maldon.
7 v. Katherine Southwell, of
Woodrising, Norfolk, born in Danbury, County Essex, about 6 miles east of
Chelmsford, and about 8 miles west of Maldon; died October 29, 1611.
The Southwells are direct descendants of Alice Clopton and her husband, John Harleston. Their son, John, married Margery Bardwell. Their daughter, Margaret Harleston married Thomas Darcy, and their son, Roger, married Elizabeth Wentworth, and their daughter, Thomasine, married Richard Southwell. Alice Clopton’s elegant brass may be seen at Holy Trinity Church, Long Melford. The eldest daughter of Sir William Clopton, Lord of the Manor of Kentwell Hall and his first wife, Margery Drury. Her effigy is 36 � inches in length and is in good condition. The brass was engraved about forty years after her death as evidenced by the patterns of her headdress and costume. It may have been commissioned by her half brother, John Clopton, the great benefactor of the church. It is located in the floor of the Clopton Chapel at the east end of the North Aisle. She is shown wearing a large Butterfly pattern headdress and a costume emblazoned with heraldry dominated by those of the Cloptons, Harlestons, and Wauton of Denston. Her forehead is shown carefully plucked of all hair, the custom when wearing this type of headdress. One of the most arresting – and rare – features is the addition of a transparent veil which flows gently across her forehead. Although there was once four shields of arms surrounding the brass on her grave slab, only one, that of her father survives. A portion of a single canopy above her effigy remains, which features the badge of the House of York in the central circle. A flying angel below the arch holds a blank shield.
Generation
No. 2
3. Richard4 Southwell, Knt
Horsham S. Faith's, illeg (Richard3, Francis2,
Richard1)3 was born 1548 in Danbury, County Essex,
and christened in 1550 at
Woodrising, County Norfolk, about 16 miles southwest of Norwich. He married Bridget Copley, of
Roughway, Sussex, daughter of Roger Copley and Elizabeth Shelley.
Sir Richard followed in his
father's footsteps in supporting the King. He practiced the protestant faith of
the Church of England. Richard married Bridget Copley who was the Governess of
Queen Elizabeth. Bridget's mother
was Elizabeth Shelley. Another branch of this same Shelley family was to
produce Percy Bysshe Shelley, the great poet of the early 1800's. The priory of Horsham St Faiths had
been turned into a Benedictine monastery after the Knights Templar were
dissolved. Sir Richard obtained it
and his son, Richard, occupied it as his home.
Children of Richard
Southwell and Bridget Copley are:
8 i. Richard5
Southwell, III, of Spixworth, Norfolk3, born in Horsham St.
Faith, County Norfolk, about 4 miles north of Norwich. He married Alice Cornwallis, of Brome,
County Suffolk4 August 23, 1552 in Brome, County Suffolk5;
born in Brome, County Suffolk, about 2 miles north of Eye, and baptized at St.
Mary, Brome.
St.
Mary's Church retains its original Norman round tower, although the rest of the
church was entirely rebuilt in 1863.
Tombs of the Cornwallis dominate the interior. The finest is that of Alice Cornwallis' grandparents, Sir
John Cornwallis and his wife, Lady Mary, in the chancel. It is a cenotaph armorial altar tomb
with recumbent effigies bearing the inscription "Iohannes Cornwaleis Miles
Willmi Cornwaleis Armigeri filius in Domo Principis Edowardi oeconomus: et uxor eiusdem Maria Edowardi Suliarde
de Eassex Armigeri filia, qui quid Iohannes, 23 Aprils Anno Domini 1544 obiit
Astrugie incomitatu Buckingham cum ibidem Princeps Edovardus
versaretur." A cenotaph is an
empty tomb erected in honor of the deceased who is buried elsewhere.
The
tomb of her parents, Sir Thomas Cornwallis and Lady Anne, is an armorial altar
tomb with their effigies, the inscription reading "Sr. Thomas Cornwaleys
Soone of Sr. Ihon was of Queen Mary her Prevy Councell and Treasurer of Caleys
after Comptroller of her houshold in special Grace and trusts of his Mrs. Who
Untimely lousing her Life retired him self to this Towne wher he spent the rest
of his own priviately and loyally all the rayne of Queen Elizabeth her sister
and died heer the second yeer of King Iames the 26 of December 1604 in the 86
yeer of his age."
9 ii. Katherine Southwell, of
Horsham St. Faith6, born 1566 in Horsham St. Faith, County
Norfolk, about 4 miles north of Norwich, and christened 1566 at Norwich, County
Norfolk; died 1618 in County Norfolk.
She married Leonard Mapes, of Beeston; born 1562 in Beeston, County
Norfolk, about 12 miles northwest of Norwich; died February 4, 1618/19 in
Beeston, County Norfolk, about 12 miles northwest of Norwich.
10 iii. Thomas Southwell, of Horsham
St. Faith, born in Horsham St. Faith, County Norfolk, about 4 miles north of
Norwich.
11 iv. Robert Southwell, of Horsham
St. Faith, born Abt. 1561 in Horsham St. Faith, County Norfolk, about 4 miles
north of Norwich7; died February 22, 1594/95 in Tyburn. He was hanged for preaching the
Catholic faith.
12 v. Elizabeth Southwell, of
Horsham St. Faith, born in Horsham St. Faith, County Norfolk, about 4 miles
north of Norwich.
13 vi. Anne Southwell, of Horsham
St. Faith, born in Horsham St. Faith, County Norfolk, about 4 miles north of
Norwich.
14 vii. Frances Southwell, of Horsham
St. Faith, born in Horsham St. Faith, County Norfolk, about 4 miles north of
Norwich; died 1643.
15 viii. Mary Southwell, of Horsham
St. Faith, born in Horsham St. Faith, County Norfolk, about 4 miles north of
Norwich.
Endnotes
1. John Henry Knowlton, Jr. provided the information regarding
this family unless otherwise noted.
2. Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 18, p. 701.
3. John Henry Knowlton, Jr. provided the information regarding
this family unless otherwise noted.
4. Hervy, The Visitation of Suffolk 1561, (Courtesy of Suellen (Clopton) DeLoach
Blanton), p. 150.
5. "1552. 23
August. 'Alice, daughter of Sir
Thos. Cornwallis'' Married Richard Southwell'." States he was of Spixworth, County Norfolk, about 2 miles
east of Horsham St. Faith
6. John Henry Knowlton, Jr. provided the information regarding
this family unless otherwise noted.
7. Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 18, p. 702.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Comments? Questions? Corrections?
Contact
[email protected]
[1] Where
Mightier Do Assault Than Do Defend, is an excerpt from The Clopton Chronicles, the Ancestors and Descendants of Sir Thomas
Clopton, Knight & Dame Katherine Mylde, and is the property of the Clopton Family Genealogical Society which
holds the copyright on this material.
Permission is granted to quote or reprint articles for noncommercial use
provided credit is given to the CFGS and to the author. Prior written permission must be
obtained from the Society for commercial use.
John Henry Knowlton is a member of The Clopton Family Genealogical
Society & Clopton Family Archives and serves on the Society’s Editorial
Advisory Board. He is a descendant
of the Cloptons through his Southwell line by both marriages of Katherine
Mylde, her first to Thomas Clopton, Knt. and secondly, William deTendring, Knt.
The Society wishes to thank Father Joseph MacDonnell, S.J. of Fairfield
University, Connecticut. Father
MacDonnell is webmaster of The Jesuit Family Album, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/jmac/jp/jpintro.htm,
which includes biographies of Jesuits in history; Katherine I. Rabenstein,
Editor, Saints o the Day, St. Patrick’s Church, http://users.erols.com/saintpat/ss/0221.htm; and, Anniina Jokinen, Editor, Luminarium, http://www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm
Also thanks to Clopton descendants Suellen (Clopton) DeLoach Blanton;
Wallace Chandler Clopton; and, Isabel Lancaster (Clopton) Steiner.
[2] Sir Richard Southwell was the son of Francis
Southwell, Auditor of the Exchequer, and his wife, Dorothy Tendering. An abbreviated genealogy follows. Dorothy Tendering was a kinswoman of
Katherine Mylde’s second husband
[3] Wards were an asset because the income of the
ward's estate went to whoever was appointed over the ward. Hence the rights to a ward would be
bought and sold as an asset. Age of majority was 21 years old. Sir Richard would not gain control of
his father’s estates until 1525.
[4] The boys were both
descendants of Dame Katherine Mylde and her second husband. See The Descendants of William deTendring, Knt., of
Tendering Hall & His Wife Dame Katherine Mylde
[5] Dictionary of
National Biography, Founded in 1882 by George Smith; Sir Leslie Stephen and
Sir Sidney Lee, Editors; Published since 1917 by the Oxford University Press,
London: Humphrey Milford, Volume 18, p. 700-702. This account states that Sir Richard in 1531 was involved in
a murder but was pardoned after paying one thousand pounds in fines. No further explanation is given and
this incident remains a mystery.
[6] Clopton kinsman, Henry VIII began to systematically
dismantle the great wealth of the Catholic Church by closing and confiscating
all the religious houses within his domain. In April 1536, in the twenty seventh year of his reign, and a
month before he was to take wife number three, more than 800 religious houses
existed throughout England and Wales.
There were within them 10,000 monks, canons, nuns and friars. By April 1540 there were none.
[7] James V of Scotland had been offered the Crown of
Ireland by some Irish chiefs in 1542.
Henry VIII of England responded by proclaiming himself Lord-Superior of
Scotland and sending an army into Scotland. The Scots were defeated at Solway Moss and prisoners were
taken. Scotland: A Concise History by
Fitzroy Maclean, Thames and Hudson LTD, London, 1993.
[8] By Henry VIII's standards anyone who refused to
acknowledge him as head of the Church of England was a heretic and a traitor
and deserved to die. Sir Thomas
More fell into this category and paid with his life. Sir Richard Southwell was involved in his prosecution and
that of other "heretics," such as John Rogers, Vicar of St.Sepulchres
and Reader of St.Paul's London.
[9] Sir Henry was given his title by courtesy in 1524
on the passing away of his grandfather, Thomas, Earl of Surrey Howard, 2nd Duke
of Norfolk, when his father became 3rd Duke of Norfolk.
[10] Sir Henry's childhood friend, who was also his brother-in-law,
was buried at one of the Howard homes, Thetford Abbey.
[11] He
established a form that was used by Shakespeare and that has become known as
the English sonnet form: three
quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. Even more significant, he
was the first English poet to publish in blank verse-unrhymed iambic
pentameter-a verse form so popular in the succeeding four centuries that it
seems almost indigenous to the language. The work in which he used this
"strange meter," as the publisher called it, was a translation of
part of Virgil's "Aeneid."
Sir Henry's poetry circulated in manuscript form in court circles for
years. He published his
"Epitaph on Sir Thomas Wyatt, his kinsman, but most of his poetry first
appear in 1557, ten years after his death in "Songs and Sonnets," now
referred to as "Tottel's Miscellany."
[12] This marriage almost brought an end not only of the
Howards but of the descendants of certain Cloptons. See Midnight Romps & Wilted Roses.
[13] He served in the war with Scotland in 1542, and in
1543 he fought in Flanders with the English army on the side of Charles V, the
Holy Roman Emperor, who was seeking to acquire the Netherlands. The following
year Sir Henry was wounded at the siege of Montreuil. In 1545-1546 he became Commander of the garrison of
Boulogne.
[14] Sir Henry and his wife, Frances de Vere, are buried
in an elaborate painted alabaster tomb in the chancel of St. Michael,
Framlingham, County Suffolk. At
one end of the tomb figures of their sons, Thomas, the fourth Duke, and Henry,
Earl of Northampton, kneel. At the
other end are the figures of their daughters, Jane, Katherine and Mary.
It was Sir Howard's misfortune to be executed only nine days before the
death of Henry VIII who was both his judge and jury. To signify that he was beheaded, a replica of his coronet
lies beside his effigy on the tomb.
Their son, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, was executed
in 1572.
Sir
Richard was also involved in the prosecution of Sir Thomas More for
treason. The prosecution of Sir
Thomas More was the subject of the movie A
Man For All Seasons. Sir Thomas refused to recognize Henry VIII as head of
the Church of England and to take a loyalty oath to him. In The Story of Thomas More by John Farrow, http://www.cin.org/farmor17.html
Sir Richard is mentioned. "More should not be allowed his pleasure of
reading. Sir Richard Southwell and a Master Palmer were ordered to remove all
books from his cell."
[15] The child of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, he was
crowned February 20, 1547 and died July 6, 1553 from pulmonary tuberculosis and
possibly congenital syphilis after reigning 6 years.
The Dictionary of National Biography states
Sir Richard was imprisoned in 1549 and again in 1550 and supposes he was
imprisoned at Fleet Prison possibly because of his Catholic faith, however
there is no evidence that this was the reason. Indeed, there is no documentation that he became a Catholic
until the reign of Queen Mary, “Blood Mary.” It is extremely doubtful that the self-seeking Sir Richard
would endanger his own life by converting to Catholicism during the brief reign
of the Protestant Edward VI.
[16] Sir Thomas Wyatt (1521?-1554) led one of four rebellions
caused by the marriage of Queen Mary to Phillip of Spain. He marched on London with 3000
followers proclaiming that he did not want to harm the queen but wanted to
change the councilors. The
rebellions all failed and over 100 were executed as traitors including Wyatt.
[17] Sir Richard was rewarded for his support of the
crown with the granting of title to several pieces of property including two in County Norfolk, Carbrook Magna,
near Watton, Commandery and Chapel of
Knights Hospitallers and
Horsham St. Faith’s Hospital, near Norwich, Hospital
of the Knights Templar. He
had much more property and was considered to be a very wealthy man.
[18] As Queen Elizabeth I, Elizabeth descended in all
her glory upon Long Melford and partook of the hospitality of Mary Clopton and
her husband, William Cordell. See Two Hundred
Men in Velvet
[19] A selection follows.
[20] Dictionary of National Biography, p. 702
[21] Dictionary of
National Biography, p. 702
[22] Saints O the Day, Saint Patricks Church, http://users.erols.com/saintpat/ss/0221.htm, Robert
Southwell, SJ M (RM)
[23] Dictionary of
National Biography, p. 702
[24] Saints O the Day ,Saint Patricks Church, http://users.erols.com/saintpat/ss/0221.htm,
Robert Southwell, SJ M (RM)
[25] Thomas would die in exile in the Netherlands and
his father would later die in prison for his faith.
[26] The Spanish Armada was the fleet that King Phillip
of Spain had sent to invade England.
The Armada was destroyed by a combination of daring English seamanship
and a fierce storm. In another interesting situation Saint Robert's kinsman,
Sir Robert Southwell, and Saint Phillip Howard's kinsman, Lord Thomas Howard
both commanded ships in the naval battle that defeated the Spanish Armada that
St. Robert and St. Phillip were both accused of assisting. History is full of irony and tragedy.
[27] Herbert Thurston, Venerable Robert Southwell, transcribed by Janet Grayson The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIV, 1912; later by Robert Appleton
Company, Online Edition, 1999, by Kevin Knight, Nihil Obstat, July 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor Imprimatur. John Cardinal Farley,
Archbishop of New York
[28] During this period of Father
Robert's work he wrote pieces to console his fellow Catholics and try to
comfort them. When Margaret
Sackville, the wife of Earl of Dorset Robert Sackville, died Father Robert wrote
Triumphs Over Death to console her
children. He wrote Mary Magdalens Funeral Teares and
dedicated it to Dorothy Arundel, the daughter of Sir John Arundel and wife of
Edward Cosworth. In the autumn of
1591 a proclamation was issued by the government to rigorously enforce the
penal laws against Catholics.
Father Robert wrote a Humble Supplication to Queen Elizabeth in
response to the increased persecution.
A printing press was installed in the Arundel house to print copies of
Father Robert's treatises so they could be widely distributed to Catholics in
England. Father Robert's
name was not published as the author, however, the government suspected him and
would later use this against him.
Marie Magdalens Funeral Teares
by Robert Southwell, Scholars Facsimilies & Reprint, May 1999 is available
through special interest bookstores and certain large bookstore chains.
[29] Sir Anthony Babington was a Catholic knight who had
served Queen Mary faithfully. He
was the son of Henry Babington and Mary Darcy (daughter of one of the Yorkshire
Darcys). Sir Anthony participated
in a plot to murder Queen Elizabeth and place Mary (later known as Mary, Queen
of Scots) on the throne of England.
Sir Anthony wrote Mary to get her blessing for the plot. She wrote back from her imprisonment
saying she supported the plot.
Both letters were read by Walshingham, Queen Elizabeth's security
chief. Both Mary QOS and Babington
went to the block for their part. Who's
Who in Tudor England, C.R.N. Routh, Shepheard-Walwyn publishing London 1990
[30] The son of Robert Topcliffe of Somerby near
Gainsborough, Lincolnshire and Margaret, daughter of Thomas, Lord Borough,
spent twenty five years or more actively engaged in hunting out Catholics
recusants, Jesuits, seminary priests, and occasionally, gypsies. This employment procured for him so
much notoriety that “a Topcliffian custom” became a euphuism for putting to the
rack, and in the quaint language of the court, “topcliffizare” signified to
hunt a recusant. Writing an
account of the apprehension and torture of Robert Southwell, the Bishop of
Southwark, wrote: “because the
often exercise of the rack in the Tower was so odious, and so much spoken of by
the people, Topcliffe had authority to torment priests in his own house in such
sort as he shall think good.” In
fact, Topcliffe himself boasted that he had a machine at home, of his own
invention, compared with which the common racks in use were mere child’s
play. The account of his cruel
treatment of Father Southwell would be incredible if it were not confirmed by
admissions in Topcliffe’s own handwriting. Topcliffe married Jane Willoughby of Wollaton,
Nottinghamshire and had issue. The
Dictionary of National Biography, Sir Leslie Stephens and Sir Sidney Lee,
Editors, Oxford University Press, London, 1917, Volume 19, p. 979-980. Topcliffe had several opportunities to
terrorize Clopton kinsmen, see 200 Men in Velvet.
[31] Father Joseph MacDonnell, S.J., Fairfield
University.
[32] The Tyburn area was first used as a place of execution
in 1196, when it became the location for dispatching political prisoners.
Traditions grew around the gallows. Upper class members on the way to Tyburn
were offered a glass of sherry along the route at the George and Blue Boar,
while criminals proceeding from Newgate received a bowl of ale at St. Giles in
the Fields. The sexton of St. Giles would toll the bells of the church for all
prisoners. A holiday atmosphere often prevailed around the gallows, complete
with seating for spectators, vendors hawking their wares, and notable citizens
crowding to watch the execution, or perhaps even riding in the cart with a
prisoner known to them. James Boswell was often in attendance and enjoyed a
good execution. http://www.etsu.edu/english/sites/cfox.htm
[33] A more graphic description may be found in
Baronage's discussion of the execution of William Wallace at http://www.baronage.co.uk/bphtm-01/wallace3.html There are also other sites regarding
this practice under capital punishment. Example http://www.britannica.com/seo/d/drawing-and-quartering/
[34] A movable framework of split timber, sticks,
twigs that are joined together and
used for making gates, fences, enclosures etc. Funk & Wagnalls New
Standrad Dictionary of the English Language 1943
[35] Father Robert was not the only Clopton kinsman to
die this way. See Two Hundred
Men in Velvet
[36] Saints O the Day, Saint Patricks Church, http://users.erols.com/saintpat/ss/0221.htm,
Robert Southwell, SJ M (RM)
[37] Father Robert Southwell became Saint Robert
Southwell in 1970 along with his friend Phillip Howard by Pope Paul VI. A total of forty English martyrs were
made saints to recognize their part in the struggle against religious
oppression in England.
[38] The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18
Volumes (1907–21).Volume IV. Prose and Poetry: Sir Thomas North to Michael
Drayton. VII. Robert Southwell. Samuel Daniel.,§ 1.
Robert Southwell, By Harold H. Child, found on the Internet site http://www.bartleby.com/214/0701.html
[39] Poetry of the
English Renissance, 1509-1660, J. William Hebel and Hoyt H. Hudson, Editors, F. S. Crofts & Co., New York,
1941, p. 238. From St. Peter’s Complaint, 1595
[40] A Sixteenth
Century Anthology, Arthur Symons, Editor, Blaackie & Son, Ltd., London,
1905. p. 229-230. Also see The Complete Poems of Robert Southwell, by
Robert Southwell, The Fuller Worthies Library Series, AMS Press, June 1970.