Bios transcribed by Kay R. & History by Jan Cortez
Lumber Market
Oshkosh is, on account of its natural position and the circumstances of the development of the country to the north of it, the great lumber market of the State. In early days, and for many years, the valley of the Fox River and the region near the shores of Green Bay, were being cleared of timber by many lumbering settlements. The dense pine lands of the valley of the Wolf, on the contrary, were, and are, tributary to one point - Oshkosh. A prominent citizen of Oshkosh has thus briefly but forcibly described her natural advantages of position: "The City of Oshkosh, bearing the name of the town in which it is located, originally called Winnebago, stands on the west bank of Lake Winnebago, eighteen miles from the head of the lake, and ten miles from the foot, and on both sides of the Fox River, at its mouth. This river, from its breadth and depth of water, forms an excellent harbor, and affords every desirable facility for commercial operations. Its navigable waters for 110 miles, form an outlet for the products of a large scope of productive country. The Wolf River, a much larger stream, mingles its waters with the Fox about twelve mies from its mouth, the two immediately widening into a beautiful lake, and then their united waters form a deep and broad channel to the lake at the mouth, where the city of Oshkosh now stands. The question is often asked, why the Fox should take the name of the Wolf, when the latter is several times its size? The answer is, the Fox Indians, for many years far back, possessed all the country from the head-waters of the Fox River to its mouth at Green Bay, including both the Upper and Lower Fox, and would never relinquish the name; though it is to be regretted that the Lower Fox should not now have its original name - Neenah - by way of distinction, and the Wolf have retained its name to the mouth. The Wolf River is navigable for boats of large size for seventy-five miles, and an equal distance further for those of lesser size, and drains, with its tributaries, the great pineries, bringing to our doors the rich products of that extensive region - a greater source of wealth, perhaps, than all others our city enjoy. Add to this the agricultural resources standing as it does in the midst of a country whose fertility is surpassed by none in the State; and to this, again, a salubrious and healthful climate, and we have a few of the leading attractions which belong to Oshkosh on account of its position. It is on the 44th parallel of north latitude; 52 miles from Green Bay, and 170 feet above the waters of the bay; 110 miles northeast from Portage City, and 14 feet lower; and from the Mississippi River, at the mouth of the Wisconsin, it is 222 miles, and 140 feet higher. It is 90 miles from Milwaukee and 192 from Chicago. In beauty and advantage of location, it is not excelled by any city in the Northwest.
"Up to the year 1848, Green Bay was the port of entry for all commercial operations, and a depot for all supplies for Northern Wisconsin, from time almost immemorial. From the first occupatioon of the country by the white man, Green Bay was the outfitting post for Northern and Western posts, and her foundries and machine shops supplied machinery, her mills the flour, and her stores the provisions. In short, the people of this new town had been accustomed to look to Green Bay for almost everything they had to buy, until stores and provision houses could be started. The change of trade from that place may be attributed to several causes. Sheboygan began to offer a better market, with a means of transportation more favorable, as well as a market better supplied. The Lower Fox River presented serious obstacles in navigation, and caused great delays in getting goods from the East, while the new route from Sheboygan, with a plank road to Taycheedah, on the east shores of Lake Winnebago, and boats to this place, presented less difficulties and delays, and at cheaper rates. These were some of the causes, and perhaps the main ones, that caused so radical a change as took place; and until the completion of the railroad to this place, the trade and travel over the Sheboygan and Milwaukee routes was a large one."
In 1835, the first commercial logs were cut by employees of Daniel Whitney, of Green Bay, upon Rat River, in the extreme northwestern part of the county. From this region came most of the timber which went to build the mill and houses at the government agency at Winnebago Rapids. New camps were opened up in this region, and supplied and were rafted through the lake to the saw-mill at Stockbridge or Winnebago Rapids. In the spring of 1843, Samuel Farnsworth, of Green Bay, with his foreman, Charles WEstcott, started the first raft of logs down the Wolf River, with Oshkosh as the objective point. Morris Firman commenced the first saw-mill at this point, in 1847, near the present site of the old gang mill, but Forman & Bashford, of Algoma, completed a rival mill first and run through the first lumber. In 1849, a State land office was opened in Oshkosh; declared a board of public works with authority to direct all river improvements. Fran Moore, of Fond du Lac County, had in the meantime become interested in the splendid outlook of the Wolf River country as a lumbering region, and purchased an interest in the Shawano mill. Another man who was to play a prominent part in the development of the Wolf River Valley as of that region applied to Oshkosh , now appeared upon the scene as a leader. In December 1849, Philetus Sawyer, then thrity-two years of age, removed to Oshkosh from Rosendale, Fond du Lac Co., where he had settled upon a farm with his young New York wife. He first contracted to run a mill "by the thosand," but soon branched out for himself, dealing heavily in logs, contracting with other mills, and finally in 1855, building a mill himself. He purchased large tracts of pine lands all along the river, built other mills, established lumber yards, and built up that fortune whose history would be the history, virtually, of the lumber regions of Northern Wisconsin. Largely through his efforts, the Wolf River has been improved by a series of booms along flat places and dams at rapids, until it is now considered the best driving stream in the Northwest. Its waters are generally well confined, so that with these improvements logs seldon fail to reach their destination. The sorting of the immense mass of logs which is driven down the river and its tributaries is done in Boom Bay, which is connected with the river by a canal nearly a mile in length. After being sorted according to ownership, they are towed through Lakes Poygan and Butte des Morts, principally to Oshkosh.
Wolf River Boom Company was incorporated in 1857, J.H. Weed, President, and reorganized in 1870. Its officers are: J.A. Paige, President and Treasurer; Philetus Sawyer, D.L. Libbey, E.C. Kellogg and James Jenkins, Directors; W,. Wall, Secretary and Superintendent. The capital of the company is $50,000. Its name and previous remarks explain its object.
Foster & Jones. - This firm, consisting of Carlton Foster and James V. Jones, was established in 1865, and operates a large sash, door and blind factory, with glazing department, and a lumber and shingle mill. The buildings and lumber-yard occupy a large area on Oregon street, near Sixth. The main building of the factory is 95x120 feet, two stories in heigth, with tin roof. During 1881, this firm manufactured 170,000 windows, 70,000 doors, 20,000 pair of blinds, and cut 2,000,000 feet of lumber and 6,5000,000 shingles. They employ 130 men. This is one of the leading and most substantial lumber manufacturing firms in the city. Both of its members have been residents of Oshkosh for over a quarter of a century.
Conlee Brothers. - In 1864, the firm of Beach & Conlee (E.N.) commenced lumbering, and built a saw-mill in 1867. George W. Conlee was then admitted into partership. In 1874, the firm (Beach, Conlee & Bros.) commenced the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds. In 1879, Orville Beach retired, and the firm became Conlee Brothers. They have a large glazing department attached to their factory, glazing about two hundred windows per day. When the firm first comenced, 3,500,000 feet of lumber were cut annually; now 7,000,000 feet are manufactured. The factory turns out 250 doors, 100 pairs of blinds and 300 windows daily. The Canan & Wolf improved drying-kilns are used. Conlee Brothers employ 140 men.
Williamson, Libbey & Co. - In 1856, Richard T. Morgan and his brother John R., with two others, purchased the samll sash, door and blind factory owned by John G. Bailey. This was destroyed by fire; also a second one in 1859. This was rebuilt by R.T. Morgan and his partner, John D. Jones. The building, situated on the corner of Light and Marion, was sold in 1866 to Williamson & Co. This is the basis of their present estensive business, holding, as they do now, the position of the oldest sash, door and blind manufacturers in the city. The factory which they now occupy was erected in August, 1875. In March, 1879, D.L. Libbey became a member of the firm. When operated by the Morgan Brothers the factory employed four hands and turned out twenty pair of blinds, and from thirty to forty doors per day. It now manufactures 375 doors, 600 windows, 250 pair of blinds, and employs 100 hands. The factory is situated on the corner of Marion and Jay streets.
R. McMillen & Co. - Robert McMillen came to Oshkosh in the fall of 1854, and has resided here since, with the exception of a short time spent in Muskegon, Mich., when he first removed to the WEst. Three years later, C.W. Davis, his present partner, located in the city. The purchased J.D. Jones' interest in the sash, door and blind factory of Morgan & JOnes. In 1861, Messrs. McMillen & Davis engaged in the manufacture of shingles, which business they continued for six years. Their saw mill was built in 1868, and their sash. door and blind factory in 1873. The mill commenced by cutting 25,000 feet of lumber daily; now it manufactures twice that amount. The increase in all branches of their business was proportionate. Location, No. 177 High Street.
James P. Gould, Sash, Door and Blind Factory, Tenth street, near Chicago & North-Western Railroad Depot - This manufactory was established by Gould, Hume & Co., in 1868. Thus the firm continued for seen years. At first fifty doors, thirty pair of blinds and 150 windows were manufactured daily by twelve hands; now 225 doors, 200 pair of blinds adn 500 windows by ninety hands.
Badger & Gould's saw, shingle and lath mill, east of Eighth street, was built in the winter of 1879-80. Twentty men are employed and 50,000 feet of lumber, 6,000 of lath and 30,000 shingles are manufactured.
S.Radford & Bro. - This is one of the most prosperous manufacturing firms of Oshkosh. A saw mill adn extensive sash, door and blind factory, are operated on Marion street. They have also an extensive lumber yard. The frontage of their ground, on the river, is 850 feet on the north side, and 2,000 on the south. During the past six months, the sales of their factory amounted to $200,000 - the daily manufacture being 400 doors, 100 pair of blinds and 700 windows. The firm, consisting of S. & William Radford, was formed in 1870. C.W. Radford, son of the latter, is its general superintendent.
O.D. Peck & Co. - Mr. Peck is senior member of this firm, which operates a planing mill, sash, door and blind factory. The capacity of the latter is 300 doors, 300 windows and 300 pairs of blinds daily.
O.D. Peck - Lumber and shingle manufacturer, Marion, near Hancock. Since 1877, Mr. Peck carried on the business alone. In 1867, the saw-mill was started by the firm of Spaulding, Badger & Co. The firm afterward became Spaulding & Peck, and, in 1877, O.D. Peck. He manufactures 50,000 feet of lumber, 10,000 of lath and 50,000 shingles daily. When he first established his nusiness, he turned out 30,000 feet of lumber, and when he started his shingle mill in 1872, he manufacured 30,000 shingles daily.
Morgan & Brother - The two brothers composing the firm, Richard T. and John R. Morgan, came to Oshkosh in 1855, from New York. They operated the first molding machine in the city, and run the pioneer sash, door and blind factory, built by John G. Bailey. Their factory was burned in 1856, 1859 and 1874. Three saw-mills were burned on the present location, in 1870, 1873, and 1875. In 1864, they built the Northwestern Plaing Mills near the depot, and sold it to Gould & Hume in 1867, having sold the Light street factory to Williamson & Co. in 1866. During this year, they purchased a one-half interest in the McCartney saw-mill, and the next year the entire property. The mill, which manufactures lumber, lath and shingles, is located on Marion, east of Jay.
George W. Pratt, - Manufacturer and dealer in lumber, lath, shingles, etc., mill on Marion street. Mr. Pratt was interested in the lumber business two years prior to the building of the mill in 1871. In 1878, he became its sole owner. He employs fifty hands, and manufactrued 8,000,000 feet of lumber and 5,000,000 shingles during the season of 1881.
C.N. Paine & Co., Algoma, manufacturers and dealers in lumber, lath, shingles, etc. In 1855, E.L. Paine & Co. commenced the manufacture of lumber. Edward L., the father of C.N. and George M. Paine, retired from active business about ten yeara go, and the present firm was formed. They are among the heaviest manufacturers and dealers in the city.
Hume, Paine & Co. - This firm was formerly composed of William Hume and John R. Washburn. The latter gentleman, however, disposed of his interest, in the fall of 1881, and the sahs, door and blind factory on Iowa street is now conducted by Messrs. Hume & Paine. They employ seventy men, and manufacture 60,000 doors, 100,000 windows and 30,000 pairs of blinds per annum.
Buckstaff Bros. & Chase, lumber and shingle manufacturers, mill on Fifth street. Employ sixty hands; capacity of mill, 40,000 feet of lumber, and 35,000 shingles per day.
O. Beach & Bros., lumber, lath and shingle mill, south side of river near C.,M. & St. P.R.R. Capacity, 6,000,000 feet of lumber, 500,000 feet of lath, and 6,000,000 shingles per annum. They employ fifty men. Orville Beach, senior member of the firm, is a most successful business man, having been a resident of Oshkosh since 1855. Abot six years ago, Mr. Beach formed a partnership with his brother, D. Beach, and his brother-in-law, W.P. Warwick, under the above firm name.
Scott & Libbey (J.R. Scott and D.L. Libbey), "old gang-mill," corner of Mill and River streets. This mill was started in 1856. It was built by Burnham, Foster & Knapp, and afterward passed into the hands of A.B. Knapp & Co., J. Jenkins & Co., and Swift & Scott. The present partnership was formed in the spring of 1880. They employ sixty men. The cut of the mill amounts to 6,000,000 feet of lumber, and 4,000,000 shingles per annum.
Ripley & Mead (S. Ripley and J. L. Mead), lumber and shingle manufacturer; mill at the foot of Blakchawk street. When the business was first commenced in 1850, one saw was used, from five to six men were employed, and 16,000 feet of lumber was sawed per day. Now the firm employs thirty-five men, while 40,000 feet of lumber, and 40,000 shingles are manufactured per day.
Campbell Bros. & Cameron (J.D., D.M. and R.C. Campbell and George H. Cameron), manufacturers of lumber, lath and shingles; mill on the south side of the river near the C.,M. & St. P.R.R. bridge. The mill was erected in 1873, and manufactures 45,000 feet of lumber, 6,000 feet of lath and 40,000 shingles per day. The firm employ sixty-five men.
J.H. Weed, lumber and shingle manufacturer, mill at the foot of Tenth street. The mill was built in 1862. Its capacity is 45,000 feet of lumber, 8,000 feet of lath and 30,000 shingles. He employs thirty-eight men.
A. Thompson, shingle manufacturer, mill corner of River and Bay streets. It was built by its proprietor in 1876. He employs thirty hands and manufactures 90,000 shingles per day.
J.C. Griffith & Co., shingle manufacturer, mill opposite court house. The firm employ thirty hands and manufacture 130,000 shingles per day.
Harry Sherry, lumber and shingle manufacturer, mill east end of Seventh street, employs fifty men and turns out 40,000 feet of lumber and 30,000 shingles daily.
John S. Fraker, shingle manufacturer, mill on Marion street commenced business in 1860, and has increased from an out-put of 60,000 to 100,000 shingles per day. He employs thirty-two men.
James McNair purchased the old Sawyer Mill in 1879; employs forty men and turns out 40,000 feet of lumber and 9,000 of lath per day.
Derby & Curran (George M. Derby and Daniel Curran), shingle-mill on Pearl near Blackhawk street. When the business was established in 1864, from seven to eight hands were employed, and the cut was 30,000 shingles per day. The firm now employs twenty-five hands, and manufactures 80,000 shingles daily.
Charles S. Webb, shingle manufacturer, mill on Marion street. The business was commenced in 1868 by Webb, Albert & Co., and the annual manufacture 7,000,000, now it is 18,000,000 shingles per annum, and thirty-six hands are employed.
J.L. Clark & Son, former proprietors of the Star Match Works, have just completed one of the largest carriage and sleigh manufactories in the country. They will employ 300 men and turn out thirty carriages and buggies per day. In 1855, Mr. Clark removed to Oshkosh, being then a poor, but energetic young man. After engaging in various capacities in the lumber business, he commenced in 1863 to make match splints on one small machine, having two assistants and the sorting being done at his own house. In 1868, he commenced the manufacture of matches in the same modest way. From this beginning, through the foresight and untiring energy of James L. Clark, grew the largest factory devoted exclusively to the manufacture of matches on this continent, and which became the property of the Diamond Match Company in December, 1880. The firm, J.L. Clark & Son, have now established another industry, which will tend, more than ever, to make Oshkosh the grand manufacturing center of the Northwest.
Parsons & Goodfellow (J.G. Parsons and T.M. Goodfellow). This firm stands in the front rank of buggy manufacturers in the United States. From 1874 to the latter part of 1878, they were engaged in the same line of business in Chicago. The citizens of Oshkosh, realizing the benefits to be derived from the location of such works, raised a bonus of $5,000, and the manufactory was permanently located here January 1, 1879. In addition to their manufactory they have a fine repository for finished work. All kinds of open and top buggies are turned out. They employ 185 men and manufacture 4,000 vehicles per annum. Their yearly payroll amounts to $85,000 and their sales to $350,000. The works of the firm are on Main street, near the bridge.
Neville & Holden (Thomas Neville and Edward Holden). This firm commenced the manufacture of carriages and sleighs, and a general repairing business, July 10, 1880. The first year they turned out 150 vehicles. They are among the leading manufacturers of Oshkosh.
Thompson & Hayward, manufacturers of carriages and buggies. The above firm commenced business in Omro in 1874. They now employ 125 men and manufacture twelve vehicles per day.
Diamond Match Company, successors to J.L. Clark & Son. This corporation controls twenty-five match factories in different parts of the country, mostly in the East, and has a capital of $2,250,000. George W. Gates is the manager of the works at Oshkosh. The buildings, situated at the corner of Pearl and Osceola streets, cover an area of 80,000 square feet. From 200 to 250 hands are employed, and the annual product of the works, including stamps, is $500,000. The nucleus of this enormous establishment was formed in 1864, when James L. Clark erected a small building and removed his workshop, in which he manufactured splints, from his house to his new quarters. In 1868 he commenced the manufacture of matches in a small way. In 1877 J.L. Clark & Son erected a saw-mill. This also was sold in December, 1880, with the other building attached to the factory, to the Diamond Match Company. It employs about thirty-nine men, and the daily output is 100,000 shingles. The mill has two machines - one double and one single. It also saws splint timber. During one day, September 14, 1881, when the entire force was employed in the manufactue of shingles, the Challoner double machine turned out 211,500 in a run of eleven hours, which is a record hard to beat.
Union Iron Works, C.C. Paige, proprietor. Nos. 8 to 14 Marion street. These works were established in 1859, by J.F. Morse and W.C. Fredericks. In 1862, Mr. Paige purchased the latter's interest, and the firm of Morse & Paige continued to conduct the business until October, 1862, when the latter became sole proprietor of the works. He employs from twenty-five to thrity men, the annual sales amounting to $75,000. The principal work of the manufactory is saw-mill, flour-mill and steamboat machinery.
Union Boiler Works, M.T. Battis, proprietor, corner of Market and Pearl streets. Mr. Battis commenced business in a small way, in 1856; he now emplys fifteen hands, and manufactures from twenty-five to thirty boilers per annum, besides doing a large amount of repairing.
The boiler works of A. Burns, on Ceape street; the machine shops of C.H. Avery, on Marion, and the repairing works of Daniel Mierswas, corner of Ceape and Moore, are further indices of the enterprise evinced in this line of manufacture. Mr. Avery came to Oshkosh in 1854, having having had thirty-five years experience in this country and England in his chosen occupation. Mr. Mierswas built his shop in 1869, and does a business of $8,000 per annum. Near C.H. Avery's machine-shop, on Marion, is the old established shop of James Gillingham & Son. The senior proprietor came to Oshkosh in 1852, and has since built up a large business in boat, mill, sleigh and carriage blacksmithing.
Wakefield Flour Mills, Foote Brothers & Co. (A.D., W.A. & F.G. Foote and Warren Nutting), proprietors, corner of River and Broad streets. The firm commenced the manufacture of flour in 1876; they also do much custom work. The mills turn out 200 barrels of flour per day, by the patent roller process.
Keystone Flour Mills, corner of Sixth and Nebraska streets, H.C. Gustavus & Co. (Casper Smith), proprietors. The firm purchased the property in 1875, which was then known as the South Side Flouring Mills. They have since made such improvements as made the mills complete and modern. The manufacture is equal to 125 barrels of flour per day.
On the corner of Fifth and Minnesota is F. Laabs' mill, which does a good business. One or two smaller establishments complete the manufacturers in this line.
Wisconsin Manufacturing Company, Oshkosh, S.P. Nelson, manager; manufacture cheese boxes and stockhead linings, berry boxes. The works turn out about fifty thousand or sixty thousand cheese boxes and stock annually, in addition to larg amounts of other specialties.
Brooklyn Brewery, Horn & Schwalm (August Horn and Theo Schwalm), proprietors, on Doty, near Sixteenth street. The building was erected in 1879, at a cost of $35,000, and is the largest brewery in the city.
On the same street, just outside the city limits, is the establishment of John Klatz, of about the same capacity.
There are several breweries of smaller size.
In the above sketches no attempt has been made to give a complete history of all the manufacturing establishments of Oshkosh. The leading ones have only been held up to view; many deserve notice which space only forbids. Those not already mentioned, or found in the succeeding group, appear elsewhere, woven into the biographies of thier proprietors.
Since these sketches were prepared, there have been several changes in the manufactories of Oshkosh. Parsons & Goodfellow's large carriage works suspended in October, and its affairs were placed in the hands of a Board of Directors, elected by the creditors. Thompson & Hayward, in the same line of business, failed soon after.The firm of Neville & Holden, also carriage and sleigh manufacturers, was dissolved in November, Mr. Holden retiring from the partnership. Messrs. Foster & Jones, one of the most prominent firms in Oshkosh, engaged in the manufacture of sashes, doors and blinds, and lumber and shingles, dissolved partnership November 2, James V. JOnes retiring, and C. Foster conducting the immense establishment alone. On November 29, G.C. Griffith & Co.'s shingle mill was burned.
Below are a number of leading industries of a miscellaneous character:
Cook, Brown & Co. (Ossian Cook, R.C. Brown, F.E. Waite and B.F. Carter), manufacturers of lime, brick and drain tile, and dealers in cement, stucco, land plaster, fire brick, etc. No. 13 Marion street. The present firm was established in 1874, being the successors of J.A. Day & Co., who did business twenty years ago. Their brick yards and tile works are in Calumet County; also a portion of their limekilns. Their large warehouses and copper-shops are in Oshkosh. There is also a barrel manufactory at Clifton, Calumet County. The firm also deals largely in wood and coal. They own their own vessels usedin the transportation of their manufactures from the eastern to the western shore of Lake Winnebago. Over 100 men are employed by Cook, Brown & Co., and 100,000 drain tile and 3,000,000 brick manufactured per annum; also 500 barrels of lime per day.
Alfred Chapple, proprietor of stone yard and cutter, No. 14 Marion. Mr. Chapple has had an experience in his business of thirty-two years, coming to Oshkosh in 1863. He has done the stone work on some of the finest buildings in the city - the post office , Masonic and Odd Fellows' Block, St. Peter's and M.E. Churches and the last addition to the Normal School.
Julius Kusche & Bro. (Julius and Edward Kusche), manufacturer of lime, kiln on Ceape street. Its capacity is 6,000 barrels per annum, but it is not worked up to that figure. The quarries are located in Calumet County.
J.R. Loper's Soap Works, corner of Marion and Market streets, were established in a small way in 1862. Mr. Loper came to Oshkosh from New York in 1865. His works were burned three times, but each time rebuilt and improved, until now they take rank with the most complete in the West. The toilet and laundry soap made by his manufactory is A No. 1.
Eagle Trunk Factory, Nos. 15 to 18 Polk, warehouses Nos. 211 to 213 Main street, Schmit Bros. (Peter and Henry), proprietors. The business was established in 1868 by H. Schmit & Co., the present firm being formed in 1872. The annual product of their factory amounts to $80,000, and they employ seventy-two men. This is one of the largest trunk factories in the Northwest.
The manufactories of Oshkosh, however, do not represent all her business activity. Her wholesale and retail trade, in those branches which usually grow and flourish in a metropolitan place, is very extensive. The pioneers of her general trade first established themselves on Ferry street, then expected to become the main thoroughfare of the city. First, in 1843, J.H. Osborne opened a store near the lower end of that street, selling out to Amos Dodge, who moved to a location near the old gang-mill; Smith & Gillett, corner of Main and High streets; Miller & Eastman, Ferry street, and others branched out into business during the next three years. At the close of 1849, six dry goods stores, two shoe stores, four groceries, two taverns, one saloon and seven lawyers, one doctor, one steam saw-mill, one shingle mill, one furniture shop, one sash and door factory, two cabinet makers, one watch maker, one gun-smith, one harness maker, three blacksmith shops, and one newspaper, the Oshkosh Free Democrat. The lake and river means of transportation were improving, the Fox and Wisconsin River improvements were being pushed, a new route had been opened to Sheboygan, the county seat question had been finally settled in favor of Oshkosh, and everything pointed to the brisk activity in general trade which, from this time on, assisted to push the village on to prosperity. Since then, increase in trade has been steady and rapid. Large dry goods establishments, grocery stores, elegant drug stores and jewelry establishments, etc., now line her streets and give voice to her wealth and solidity.
