THE HANGINGS AT GLADEVILLE
(Now Wise)
By Luther F. Addington
No one knew
better the gruesome tales of the hangings at Gladeville than the late
Charles Renfro, whom the writer interviewed.
Charles
Renfro said: "When I was made a member of the Wise County Vigilantes
back there in 1892, I little dreamed that I was to become the scaffold
maker or noose knot tier for all the six men who were to die on the
gallows in my country. But it was that way.
The Vigilantes had been organized in Big Stone
Gap, Virginia by Josh Bullitt as a protection against the bad men
of the hills when the first coal boom came. John Fox, Jr., the author
of the Trail of the Lonesome Pine, was a member of the guard, I recollect.
The
Hanging of Talt Hall
And when it was norated* around that the
desperado Talt Hall, a native Kentuckian, who had been committing
crime on the Virginia side of the line for some time, had been jailed
for the wanton killing of Enos Hylton, Chief of Police of Norton,
and that his buddies in Kentucky were going to storm the jail and
remove him, the volunteer county guard was increased to more than
one hundred members.
Josh Bullitt came up from Big Stone Gap and drilled
us fellows at the county seat every day. A part would stand guard
while the others were drilling. I was made a member of the guard although
I was then in my teens.
Talt Hall was tried and sentenced to hang by the
neck until he was dead. Then it was that a message came from Kentucky
to the effect that some of Talt's friends intended to storm the jail
and take him out.
The old jail was none too secure and the judge
ordered that Hall be taken to Lynchburg for safe keeping while the
higher courts were examining the motion for a retrial on the grounds
of a writ of error.
But the higher courts sustained the county court
and Hall was sent back to be hanged. His execution date was fixed
to be September 2, 1892.
And what a day in the county seat town of Gladeville
that was! In order to get the full color the occasion afforded, we
herewith leave the narrative of jailer Renfro and switch to an account
by John Fox, Jr. in his book "Bluegrass and Rhododendron",
page 239.
Fox wrote: "Through mountain and Valley, humanity
had talked of nothing else for weeks, and before dawn of the fatal
day, humanity started in converging lines from all other counties
for the county seat of Wise - from Scott and from Lee; from wild Dickenson
and Buchanan, where one may find white men who have never looked upon
a white man's face; from the Pound which harbors the desperadoes of
two sister states whose skirts are there stitched together with pine
and pin-oak along the crest of the Cumberland; and, further on, even
from the faraway Kentucky hills, mountain humanity had started at
dawn of the day before. A stranger would have thought that a county
fair, a camp meeting, or a circus was the goal. Men and women, boys
and girls, children and babes in arms; each in his Sunday best - the
men in jeans, slouch hats and high boots; the women in gay ribbons
and brilliant homespun; in wagons and on foot, on horses and mules,
carrying man and man, man and boy, lover and sweetheart, or husband
and wife and child - all moved through the crisp September air, past
woods of russet and crimson and along brown dirt roads to a little
straggling mountain town where midway of the one long street and shut
in by a tall board fence was a courthouse, with the front door closed
and barred, and port holes cut through its brick walls and looking
to the rear; and in the rear a jail; and to one side of the jail a
tall wooden box with a projecting cross beam in full sight, from the
center of which a rope swung to and fro, when the wind moved.
Never had a criminal met death at the hands of
the law in that region, and it was not sure that the law was going
to take its course now, for the condemned man was a Kentucky feudsman,
and his clan was there to rescue him from the gallows, and some of
his enemies were on hand to see that he died a just death by a bullet,
if he should escape the noose. And the guard, whose grim dream of
law and order seemed to be coming true, was there from the Gap, twenty
miles away, to see that the noose did its ordained work.
On the outskirts of town, and along every
road, boyish policemen were halting and disarming every man who carried
a weapon in sight. At the back window of the courthouse and at the
threatening little port holes were more youngsters manning Winchesters.
At the windows of the jailer's house, which was of frame and which
joined and fronted the jail, were more still, on guard, and around
the jail was a line of them, heavily armed to keep the crowd back
on the other side of the jail yard fence.
The crowd had been waiting for hours. The neighboring
hills were blocked with people waiting. The house tops were blocked
with men and boys, waiting.
Now the fatal noon was hardly an hour away, and
a big man with a red face appeared at one of the jailer's windows;
and then the sheriff, who began to take out a sash. At once a hush
came over the crowd and then a rustling and a murmur. It was the prisoner's
lawyer and something was going to happen. Faces and gun muzzles thickened
at the port holes an the courthouse windows. The line of guards in
the jail yard wheeled and stood with their faces upturned to the windows.
There in the sashless window stood a man with black
hair - Talton Hall.
He was going to confess - that was the rumor. His
lawyers wanted him to confess. The preacher who had been singing hymns
with him wanted him to confess. The man himself wanted to confess,
and how he was going to confess.
What deadly mysteries he might clear up if he would.
His best friends put the list of his victims no lower than thirteen
- his enemies no lower than thirty. And there looking up at him, were
three women who he had widowed or orphaned, and one corner of the
jail yard still another, a little woman in black - the widow of the
Norton Constable whom Hall had shot to death only a year before.
Now Hall's lips opened and closed, and opened and
closed again. Then he took hold of the site of the window and looked
behind him. The sheriff brought him a chair and he sat down.
At last Hall asked that he might give his sister
a secret message. The Judge who was also on guard felt obliged to
deny the request and then Hall haltingly asked aloud that his sister
bring a white handkerchief and tie it around his throat - afterwards
- to hide the red mark of the rope. Tears welled in the Judge's eyes.
He pulled out his own handkerchief and pressed it into the woman's
hands.
But would Talt confess to all the murders he had
committed? He had shot Harry Maggard, an uncle. He had killed two
brothers-in-law. He had killed Henry Monk, Mack Hall. Through cunning
he had escaped punishment. Now he could clear up these cases and many
more, if he would.
But he didn't admit any of his crimes. He rose
and went out with a firm step. I was one of those assigned to do duty
inside the hanging box.
Hall stood as motionless as the trunk of an oak.
The sheriff was a very tenderhearted man and a very nervous one, and
the arrangements for the execution were awkward. Two upright beams
had to be knocked from under the trap door, so that it would rest
on the short rope noose that had to be cut before the door would fall.
As each of these was knocked out the door sank an inch, and the suspense
was horrible. The poor wretch must have thought that each stroke was
the one that was to send him to eternity but not a muscle moved. All
was ready at last and the sheriff cried in aloud voice, 'May God have
mercy on this poor man's soul!" and struck the rope with a hatchet.
The black-capped apparition shot down, and the sheriff ran, weeping,
out of the door of the box."
Now let's go back to Charles Renfro's few last
words about Talt Hall. He said, 'I put the black hood over Talt's
head, and dropped the noose over his head. After he was dead I felt
terrible although I knew Talt was a bad man. I sort of hoped I wouldn't
have to help hang another one. But destiny didn't let me escape.
The
Red Fox Said He Would Rise on the Third Day
The second man to be hanged at Wise courthouse while
I was yet a member of the court guard," Charles Renfro continued,
"was Dr. M. B. Taylor, better known as the Red Fox. It was Doctor
Taylor, officiating as U. S. Marshal along with his work as doctor
and minister, who trailed Talt Hall from Wise County to Memphis, Tennessee
and helped bring him back to justice.
While Hall was yet being guarded in the little
jail house Dr. Taylor stole away into the mountains and massacred
five people out of a crowd of seven who were crossing the Pine Mountain
at Pound Gap."
John Fox, Jr., who wrote about Dr. Taylor
called him the Red Fox, and here's what he said about him in Bluegrass
and Rhododendron: "The Red Fox of the mountains was going to
be hanged. Being a preacher, a herb doctor, revenue officer, detective,
crook, and assassin, he was going to preach his own funeral sermon
on the Sunday before the day set for his passing, which was October
27, 1893. He was going to wear a suit of white and a death cap of
white, both made by his little old wife. Moreover, he would have his
body kept unburied for three days, saying that, on the third day,
he would arise and go about preaching.
On Sundays the Red Fox preached the Word; on other
days he was a walking arsenal, with a huge 50 x 75 Winchester over
one shoulder, two belts of gleaming cartridges about his waist, and
a great pistol swung to either hip. In the woods he'd wear moccasins
with the heels forward, so that no man could tell which way he had
gone.
Sometimes he would carry a huge spy-glass, five
feet long, with which he watched his enemies from the mountain tops.
One of his enemies was Ira Mullins, a paralytic
who lived at Pound. Ira made moonshine liquor and peddled it from
a two-horse wagon bed filled with straw. The Red Fox, while a U. S.
Marshal, had engaged Ira in a gun battle. Soon afterwards the word
got around that Ira would kill the Red Fox on sight.
So, the crafty Red Fox decided to beat him to it.
While guarding Talt Hall, he had heard that on May 14, 1892, Old Ira
would bring a load of liquor from Kentucky through Pound Gap.
With two confederates, Henan and Cal Fleming,
the Ref Fox lay in wait at a small cliff beside the road just south
of the Gap.
Ere long the wagon came into sight. A man by the
name of John Chappel was in the driver's seat an beside him sat Ira's
wife, Louranza. On a pile of straw lay Old Man Mullins, partially
propped up. Behind the wagon walked Ira's 14 year old son, John, and
a boy named Greenberry Harris. Mrs. Jane Mullins rode horseback. Her
husband, Wilson Mullins, walked in front of the wagon. (1)
When the wagon rattled within close range of the
small cliff, the Red Fox and his confederates opened fire, killing
all in the caravan except Jane Mullins, riding horseback, and Ira's
son John who was walking beside her. (2)
The assassins fled into the woods. Mrs. Jane Mullins
rode on into Wise, some 18 miles distant, and reported the massacre
to Sheriff John Miller. (3) The Sheriff organized a posse of 22 men
and a manhunt was begun that lasted several days and nights. The Flemings
fled to West Virginia and were not apprehended until two years later.
(4) the Red Fox returned to his own home in Wise and hid in his attic.
Then one night his son Sylvan, a respected businessman and surveyor
living in Norton, five miles from Wise, took his father to his home.
(5) The son insisted his father leave the mountains and go to Florida,
although the son testified in court that his father wanted to stay
and stand trial.
The Red Fox decided to take his son's advice and,
outfitted in new clothes, mounted an empty boxcar standing in the
yard at Norton and rode to Bluefield, West Virginia, from which place
he intended to hobo another train going south. But somehow the Wise
County Commonwealth Attorney, Robert Bruce, heard the Red Fox's being
in a boxcar bound for Bluefield and wired the Baldwin Detective Agency
to apprehend him when he left the train. They did an the fugitive
was returned to Wise for trial.
Considerable evidence in the trial concerned the
Red Fox's Winchester. It had been known that his rifle used rim-fire
cartridges. Rim-fire shells had been found at the murder scene. But
when the jury examined the gun they found it to be a center-fire.
However, upon close scrutiny they saw that the plunger had been cleverly
changed to strike the center of a cartridge instead of the rim. They
then decided this clever man had tampered with the firing pin."
(6)
Now let's go back to John Fox, Jr.'s account of
the Red Fox's last hours on earth.
"The Red Fox preached his own funeral sermon
on a Sunday before the day set for execution and a curious crowd gathered
to hear him. He was led from the jail. He stood on the jailer's porch
with a little table in front of him; on it lay a Bible. On the other
side of the table sat a little palefaced old woman in black, with
a black sunbonnet drawn close to her face. By the side of the Bible
lay a few pieces of bread. It was the Fox's last communion - a communion
which he administered to himself and in which there was no other soul
on earth to join him, except the little old woman in black.
It was pathetic beyond words when the old fellow
lifted the bread and asked the crowd to come forward to partake with
him in the last sacrament. Not a soul moved, only the little old woman
who had been ill-treated, deserted by the old fellow for many years;
only she of all the crowd gave any answer, and she turned her face
for an instant timidly toward him. With a churlish gesture the old
man pushed the bread over toward her, and with hesitating, trembling
fingers she reached for it.
The sermon that followed was rambling, denunciatory,
and unforgiving. Never did he admit guilt.
On the last day the Red Fox appeared in his white
suit. The little old woman in black had even made the cap which was
to be drawn over his face at the last moment - and she had made that
white too.
He walked firmly to the scaffold steps, and stood
there for one moment blinking in the sunlight, his head just visible
above the rude box."
Now, for the ending of this gruesome story we switch
back to Charles Renfro, who said, "For a moment he stood viewing
the rude gallows, and, seeming to believe it would do the job, he
suffered his hands to be tied behind his him with a white handkerchief.
One of the guards spread newspapers on the gallows steps and platform
so that not a speck of dirt might touch his shoes.
Once on the platform, the doctor requested the
privilege of reading a passage of scripture and praying. Down on his
knees he prayed in a voice so soft and low that only those very close
to him could understand.
Sheriff Charles L. Hughes slipped the white hood
over his head and the noose was adjusted about his neck. Jeff Hunsucker,
a deputy sheriff, excited because of the crucial moment, jolted the
trap in a clumsy effort to cut the trap rope and the doctor crumpled
to the floor.
The deputy waited until the doomed man could straighten
up again and then he tried his ax a second time.
The trap dropped and the doctor went down with
it, a mass of white whirling around and around. The rope twisted tight
and then unwound, which kept the struggling man whirling for some
time.
When the twisting of the rope stopped the body
was left to hang for 19 minutes when Dr. H. M. Miles and Dr. T. M.
Cherry examined the body, pronounced it dead, and ordered it delivered
to the family.
As was his request, the body was kept up for three
days. Some people believed that the doctor would rise again; but on
the third day all hopes vanished and the body was interred on a hill
above the courthouse square where it now lies without markers."
First
Black Man Hanged
"The
first black man to be hanged here was Bob Foy, who killed a commissary
clerk at Toms Creek. Foy's wife was away from home and Foy, wanting
her to return, borrowed enough money from the clerk to purchase train
tickets.
The wife, however, decided not to come home and
then Foy asked the store clerk to take the tickets as pay for the
loan of money. The clerk refused. A fight ensued. The two men tangled
on the floor and while they were down Foy shot the clerk.
A speedy trial followed and Foy was sentenced
to be hanged July 1, 1902. But before the day of execution arrived
Foy broke jail. He'd been kept in the new jail. (Now in 1971 being
razed).
Along about this time we had a terrible time at
the jail because of an epidemic of smallpox. I was by this time jailer.
I was appointed when the regular jailer died of smallpox. It was very
much up to me to decide what ought to be done.
I had Foy to hunt and I had to wrestle with the
epidemic. We had thirty cases of the disease among the inmates. These
we got away to a temporary building some three miles out of town.
The rest we moved to the Scott County jail.
Now Foy, although at large, didn't go far. We found
him one day down Indian Creek sitting under a tree, waiting for someone
to bring him back to jail.
He said he wasn't afraid of smallpox; and he'd
rather be hanged than sleep out at night with snakes crawling around.
He escaped smallpox but he didn't escape the noose. It caught him
July 1, 1902. And he seemed to be glad to get it over with."
George
Robinson Hanged Twice
Exactly one month from Foy's execution, George Robinson, another black
man, was to meet his death by the noose. His execution was set to
take place between ten and three o'clock August 1, 1902.
"I was still jailer," Renfro went on,
"It was again my job to inspect the gallows and get the rope
ready. Wib didn't like to release the trap but the job had to be done
and he did it."
That big Negro, as muscular as a prize fighter,
calmly stood and without protest allowed the hood to be put over his
head and the noose to be drawn about his neck.
But when the trap fell, Robinson went all the way
down to the ground. His neck was so tough that the rope broke instead,
and the doomed man crumpled upon the ground and still showed no sign
of emotion.
The sheriff said he'd get a stronger rope and while
he went to get it Robinson walked back up the steps and waited for
the second tieing.
By that time all of the officials were more nervous
about the gruesome affair than the victim, it seemed. It was a terrible
thing to go through with to tie another noose and put it over the
man's head and fix the trap again and make another cut of the rope.
But we had to do it. When the victim fell he swung back and forth
like a pendulum until he was pronounced dead by the jail physician.
Now that I was jailer and since it seemed that
hangings were getting more and more frequent, I decided to visit other
county seats and see what sort of gallows they had. I found a goo
done at Whitesburg, Kentucky and I brought a pattern home.
So, I tore the old gallows down and with new lumber
and bolts made one which would not depend upon the cutting of a rope
to drop the trap but one whose trap would drop by pulling a lever."
Innocent
Man Hanged
And this new gallows was not long standing in the back yard of the
court until Eive Hopson was sentenced to die upon it.
Eive's trouble had started over the theft of a
hen from John Salyer's hen roost out at Glamorgan. At the time two
other men were with him. They were all drunk. Each was brought to
trial. Two got terms in the penitentiary and Eive got the gallows.
I told Wib that I'd done everything that was my
duty to do. I'd made a gallows which was easy to handle. All he'd
have to do would be to spring the trap by pulling the lever. It'd
be easy.
'Easy!' Wib said to me, 'Charles, it's the hardest
job I ever had to do. Listen to him! He still says he's innocent and
I half way believe he is.'
I'd been good to Eive in jail. He'd wanted to be
baptized and I'd got a minister and I'd taken him out to Flanary Creek
and the rites were performed in front of a large crowd.
At that baptizing were John Salyers' boys. Eive
vowed to them that he hadn't killed their daddy that night the hen
roost was robbed. He said that he was drinking along with the other
boys, but that he didn't fire a shot, hope to die he hadn't.
But, he said he'd handed his gun to the other boys
and then went up into the tree to get a chicken, like the two other
men had told him to do. While he was up there John Salyers burst out
of the house shooting and then somebody shot back and John Salyers
was killed.
The two other men had claimed in court that Hopson had
done the shooting and the jury had believed them.
There in the court window Hopson told the crowd
that since Wib, the sheriff, had tended to him as a baby and had almost
raised him, he hoped somebody else would spring the trap.
Well, we went down to the gallows and I put the
hood on Hopson's head and I tied his hands behind him and I said that
it was all I was going to do.
Then Wib took off his hat and he stood a moment
in silence.
'May the Lord have mercy on your soul, Eive,' he said.
He pulled the level and the peg plopped out and
down went the trap and Hopson's body dropped into the box I'd made
around the posts of the scaffold. That was May 15, 1903.
The two other men who'd been indicted went to the
State penitentiary. Later, after being released from prison, one of
them on his death bed confessed to having fired the shot that killed
John Salyers.
Then it was that people knew an innocent man had been hanged.
They
Hanged a Preacher
Doc Taylor
Just a little more than four months after Hopson's
hanging the gallows felt the tread of another doomed man, Clifton
Branham. Long before Hopson met his fate, Branham's case was hanging
in court.
Branham had grown up on the Pound River and he's
been in plenty of meanness in Kentucky, where he's served a term in
prison. In fact it seemed that he crossed back and forth over the
Kentucky border when the law got to trailing him.
He'd gone to the Kentucky penitentiary because
of murder. But while he was in prison in that state he turned religious
and began preaching and reading the Bible to his fellow inmates. The
story of his preaching reached the governor who released him and told
him to go home to his wife and children who lived in Virginia.
For a while he roamed over the hills, staying with
relatives and friends. Finally he decided to go back to Kentucky since
he and his wife couldn't get along. But he stopped short of the state
line at his son-in-law's where his wife was staying and while there
he got into a quarrel with her, shot and killed her.
As was his custom he skipped to Kentucky. Soon
after his return to that state he hired himself out to kill a man;
and for the job he was to get as his wife the daughter of the man
for whom he was doing murder.
His crimes, however, caught up with him and he
was lodged in a Kentucky jail. Virginia authorities prevailed upon
the governor of Kentucky for the right to bring him back to Virginia
and the Kentucky governor agreed, saying that his home county had
a wide reputation for hanging men anyhow and since Branham needed
to be hanged he should be brought back.
So he was tried at Wise and found guilty of murder
in the first degree.
When Judge Matthews pronounced sentence on Branham,
he said: 'You're a mean man, Branham. You're dangerous to society.
You've killed three men and your wife. On next Friday, September 25,
1903, you'll hang by the neck until you're dead, dead, dead.'
Branham was defiant to the very last. Hanging seemed
to hold no worry for him. It was with a sneer and a hard face he went
up onto the scaffold and stood for the black hood. It was the last
I slipped over a human head and the last that anyone slipped over
a head at the Wise courthouse for the Legislature of Virginia passed
a law putting an end to hangings.
(References
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are to the court transcript of the Red Fox trial
as published in Johnson's History of Wise County.)
* Local Corruption of "Narrated."
HSSV
Sketches No 9, 1975 Pages 35 to 44