Migration
People leave their home country or area for many reasons. When they go they go in a group - group migration - or they go, more or less, individually, and others follow - chain migration. Once the migrants get to where they are going, they can also move on - internal migration or forward migration.
It is called emigration when a person leaves one country and immigration when they go to another country. Once they arrive, immigrants may wish to become a citizen of the country to which they have migrated. This is called naturalization.
Migration could have been assisted by the government or by a landlord or by an emigration company. But migration could have been done with no assistance.
Transportation methods used in migration vary. One could take a ship from Europe or Asia to North America. Then transfer to a horse, carriage, coach, or wagon for further movement. Smaller ships capable of navigating rivers could also be taken. And, finally, one could walk.
Passenger lists for ships and train transportation exist. But only for certain periods of time.
Individuals and families travelled to North America. So did Home Children sent from Britain. So did female domestic servants sponsored by individuals or government agencies.
The following is a listing of articles, books, and web sites concerning migration, passengers, Home Children, domestics, etc.
Laboring Children - British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada 1869-1924 (1980; reprinted 2000)
Joy Parr
Consult at:
The Skilled Emigrant and Her Kin: gender, culture, and labour recruitment (2001)
Joy Parr
Consult at:
"Sunny Ontario for British Girls, 1900-1930"
in Looking into My Sister’s Eyes: An Exploration in Women’s History (1986), pp. 55-73
Multicultural History Society of Ontario, Toronto
Marilyn Barber, author; Jean Burnet, editor
ISBN 0919045278
Consult at: McOdrum
"The Women Ontario Welcomed: Immigrant Domestics for Ontario Homes, 1870-1930"
in Ontario History, Vol. LXXII, No. 3, September 1980, pp. 148-172
Marilyn Barber
Consult at: McOdrum, OFHC
Domestic work: paid and unpaid
Some of the societies and agencies involved in emigration and settlement of migrants included:
British Women's Emigration Association (1885-1919)
Canadian Pacific Railway
Colonial Intelligence League (1910-1919) (for women)
Cow Cross Canadian Emigration Society
Female Middle Class Emigration Society (1901-1922)
The Self-Help Emigration Society
Society for Overseas Settlement of British Women (1917-1964)
Index of British Emigration to North America; projects and opinions in the early Victorian period
Guides and information on migration and settlement
Emigration: the British farmer's and farm labourer's guide to Ontario: the premier province of the Dominion of Canada (2001)
Issued by authority of the Government of Ontario
Global Heritage Press, Milton, Ont.
Reprint. Originally published by C. Blackett Robinson, Toronto, 1880
ISBN 1-894378-43-1
Consult at:
Emigration to Canada and the United States: report of the Cow Cross Canadian Emigration Society. My journey of ten thousand
miles, advice and information to intending emigrants, routes, distances, and rates of passage from Quebec, names and addresses of
friends of the working man in 320 cities and towns, hints on economic house building, correspondence etc. [microform] (1871)
William Catlin
Cow Cross Canadian Emigration Society, London [?]
CIHM/ICMH Microfiche series: No. 05871
Consult at: McOdrum
Canadian homes for London wanderers [microform] (c. 1870)
Annie Macpherson
CIHM/ICMH Microfiche series: No. 04639
Consult at: McOdrum
Empty Cradles (1995)
Margaret Humphreys
ISBN 0-552-14164-X
Consult at: McOdrum
The Home Children: their personal stories (1979)
Phyllis Harrison, editor
Watson & Dwyer, Winnipeg
ISBN 0920486029 (hardcover); ISBN 09020486045 (paperback)
Consult at: McOdrum
Neither waif nor stray: the search for a stolen identity (2000)
Perry Snow
ISBN 1-58112-758-8
Consult at:
Poor, ignorant children: Irish famine orphans in Saint John, New Brunswick (1999)
Peter D. Murphy
D'Arcy McGee Chair of Irish Studies, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Includes bibliographical references
ISBN 0-9696252-1-9
Consult at:
British Home Children Message Board
Middlemore's Home Children in Canada
Young Immigrants to Canada - The Children's Names
Immigration and Quarantine Stations
Eyewitness - Grosse Ile - 1847 (1995) [Monograph]
Carraig Books
available in French as Les témoins parlent - Grosse Île 1847
Consult at:
Grosse Ile - Gateway to Canada - 1832-1937 (1984)
Marianna O'Gallagher
Carraig Books,
ISBN
Consult at:
Middle Island: Before and After the Tragedy (2002)
Caroline Daley and Anne Springer
commissioned by Middle Island Irish Historical Park Inc.
ISBN
Consult at:
Pier 21: the gateway that changed Canada (1988)
Trudy Duivenvoorden Mitic and J.P. LeBlanc
Lancelot Press, Hantsport, Nova Scotia
ISBN 0-88999-406-4
Consult at:
A Register of Deceased Persons at Sea and on Grosse Îsle in 1847 (1997)
André Charbonneau and Doris Drolet-Dubé with Robert Grace and Sylvie Tremblay
Canadian Heritage and Parks Canada
ISBN 0-660-16877-4
Consult at: OGSL
Ellis Island Immigration Museum
Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial
OUT OF IRELAND - Islands of Death
Partridge Island - Gateway to Canada
Migrants came to Canada directly or by way of another country - usually, but not always, the United States.
Hawke Papers (or Toronto Emigration Office Records)
Immigration Records (1925-1935)
Searching the Ellis Island Database in One Step
Swenson Swedish Immigraton Research Center
Letters and stories of immigrants
Brass buttons and silver horseshoes: stories from Canada's British war brides (2002)
Linda Granfield
McClelland & Stewart, Toronto
ISBN 0-7710-3535-7 (paper); ISBN 0-7710-3536-5 (hardcover)
Consult at:
English immigrant voices: labourers' letters from Upper Canada in the 1830s (2000)
Wendy Cameron, Sheila Haines, and Mary McDougall Maude, editors
McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 0-7735-2035-X
Consult at:
"Fifty Years: In Search of the Immigrant Experience" (January 2001)
in Swedish American Historical Quarterly, Vol. LII, No.1
On the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Swedish Pioneer Historical Society/Swedish-American Historical Society
Nils Hasselmo
Irish emigration and Canadian settlement: patterns, links, and letters (c. 1990)
Cecil J. Houston and William J. Smyth
University of Toronto Press, Toronto, and Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast
ISBN 0901905453
Consult at: McOdrum
Cornish Emigrants to Ontario (1998)
Toronto Cornish Association, compiler
Contains nominal index
ISBN 0-9684119-0-8
Consult at: OGSL
Defiant sisters: a social history of Finnish immigrant women in Canada (1988)
Varpu Lindström-Best
Multicultural History Society of Ontario, Toronto
ISBN 0919045383 (paper); ISBN 0919045367 (hardcover)
Consult at: McOdrum
A Dictionary of Scottish emigrants to Canada before Confederation
Donald Whyte
Volume 1 (1986) - ISBN 0-920036-090-0
Volume 2 (1995) - ISBN 07779-0191-9
Volume 3 (2001) - ISBN 0-7779-2119-7
Consult at: OGSL
"Emigrants and Immigrants in Swedish History, 1846-1996: Celebrating the Sesquicentennial: Part I" (1996)
in Swedish American Historical Quarterly, Vol. 47 , pages 40-48
Raymond Jarvi
Consult at:
"Emigrants and Immigrants in Swedish History, 1846-1996: Celebrating the Sesquicentennial: Part II"(1996)
in Swedish American Historical Quarterly, Vol. 47, pages 112-118
Raymond Jarvi
Consult at:
Here be Dragons! Navigating the Hazards Found in Canadian Family Research (1996)
Althea Douglas
OGS, Toronto
Consult at: OGSL
Here be Dragons, Too! Navigating the Hazards Found in Canadian Family Research (2000)
Althea Douglas
OGS, Toronto
Consult at: OGSL
Passage to the New World: Packet Ships and Irish Famine Emigrants 1845 - 1851 (1995)
David Hollett
Consult at OBL
"The Pre-Dawn of the Swedish Migration: Before 1846" (1997)
in Swedish American Historical Quarterly, Vol. 48, pages 117-129
H. Arnold Barton
Consult at:
"'The Right Sort of Woman': female emigrators and emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910" (1994)
in Women's History Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 385-409
Julia Bush
Consult at:
"Scandinavian Immigrants in Canada" (1998)
in Canada and the Nordic Countries in Times of Reorientation: culture and politics
University of Aarhus, Denmark
Consult at:
Tools of the Trade for Canadian Genealogy (2000)
Althea Douglas
OGS, Toronto
Consult at: OGSL
Immigration and emigration - Lloyd's Register
"'The Right Sort of Woman': female emigrators and emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910"
Upper Canada naturalization registers, 1828-1850 (1999)
Norman K. Crowder and Sharon Bowman
Publication OB 99-05
ISBN 0-7779-1472-7
Consult at: OBL
Naturalization and citizenship indexes in the Canada Gazette, 1915-1951: a finding aid (1999)
Dave Obee, compiler
ISBN 0-9685026-1-X
Consult at:
Index to passengers who emigrated to Canada between 1817 and 1849 (1999)
John A. Acton, compiler and editor
OGS, Toronto
Includes index
ISBN 0-7779-0207-9
Consult at: OGSL
Peter Robinson Emigration, 1823 - 1825 (1987; 3rd printing 1999)
Carol Bennett
ISBN 0 919137 16 4
Consult at: PCMA
Immigration Form 30A for ocean arrivals 1919 to 1924
Peter Robinson Irish Emigration to Canada (1823, 1825)
QUICK SURNAME LIST - 1825 - PETER ROBINSON IRISH SETTLERS
Emigrantregistret/Kinship Center - Swedish emigration archive
Societies with an interest in immigration
Canadian Society of Mayflower Descendants
Strays!: an index to the OGS Strays Project
Shirley E. Lancaster, project co-ordinator; David J. Browne, indexer
Ontario Genealogical Society, Toronto
Volume 1 (1996) ISBN 0-7779-0201-X
Volume 2 (1997) ISBN 0-7779-0210-9
Volume 3 (1998) ISBN 0-7779-0214-1
Volume 4 (1998) ISBN 0-7779-0216-8
Volume 5 (1999) ISBN 0-7779-0220-6
Volume 6 (2001) ISBN 0-7779-0228-1
Volume 7 (2001) ISBN 0-7779-0201-X
Volume 8 (2002) ISBN 0-7779-2122-7
Consult at: OGSL
Canadian steel, Chinese grit: a tribute to the Chinese who worked on Canada's railroads more than a century ago / Fêng ku Chung-hua hun : Chi nien pai nien chan(2000)
Julia Ningyu Li / Li Ning Yü p'ien chu, compiler and editor
Paxlink Communications Inc., Toronto
Text is in English and Chinese and includes bibliographical references
ISBN 0-9687319-0-2
Consult at:
Ghost Railways of Ontario (1994)
Ron Brown
Browdview Press Ltd., Peterborough, Ontario
ISBN 1-55111-054-7
Consult at:
"Swedes as Nation Builders: 'Give me Swedes and snoose and I'll build a railway to hell' " (December 1988)
in Swedish Press
Elinor Barr
Consult at:
Flight from famine: the coming of the Irish to Canada(c. 1990)
Donald MacKay
McClelland & Stewart, Toronto
ISBN 0771054432
Consult at: McOdrum
Peter Robinson Emigration, 1823 - 1825 (1987; 3rd printing 1999)
Carol Bennett
ISBN 0 919137 16 4
Available from Peterborough Centennial Museum and Archives or Global Genealogy
Robert Whyte's 1847 famine ship diary: the journey of an Irish coffin ship (c. 1994)
James J. Mangan, editor
Mercier Press, Dublin
Previously published as The ocean plague, or, A voyage to Quebec in an Irish emigrant vessel
ISBN 1856350916
Consult at: McOdrum
Russian roots and Canadian wings: Russian archival documents on the Doukhobor emigration to Canada (1999)
John Woodsworth, compiler, translator and annotater; foreword by Vladimir Tolstoy
Penumbra Press, Manotick, Ontario
ISBN 092125489X
Consult at: McOdrum
The Swedish Experience in Canada: a preliminary annotated bibliography of selected English languages books and articles (1991)
Elinor Berglund Barr
Emigrant Institute, Sweden
Consult at:
Emigration From Cork Ireland to Upper Canada, 1823
The Icelanders: Their Ontario Year
Massachusetts Genealogy - US GenWeb
The Peopling of Canada: 1891 - 1921 (bibliography)
Peter Robinson Irish Emigration to Canada (1823, 1825)
PETER ROBINSON IRISH EMIGRATION TO CANADA (1823, 1825)
Swedish Genealogical Society of Minnesota
Swenson Swedish Immigraton Research Center
Some of the reasons for moving on to somewhere else include free or inexpensive land, gold, and jobs. There may also be others.
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